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Human Development: Updated, 7/e

James Vander Zanden, Ohio State University
Thomas Crandell, Broome Community College
Corinne Crandell, Broome Community College

Developmental Theories

Learning Objectives

After completing Chapter 2, you should be able to:

1

Define theory, and describe the functions that a theory serves.

2

Explain the central view of psychoanalytic theory and state Freud's view of the role of the unconscious.

3

Briefly describe Freud's five psychosexual stages.

4

Distinguish between Erikson's psychosocial and Freud's psychosexual development theories.

5

Name Erikson's eight stages of development, and describe the approximate time period during which each psychosocial stage occurs and the type of life crisis experienced.

6

Discuss the focus of behavioral theory, name its major proponents, and explain the significance of the following terms:

focus and proponents of behavioral theory:

stimulus:

response:

classical conditioning:

operant conditioning:

reinforcement:

behavior modification:

7

Briefly summarize the main principles of humanistic theory, and name its two major proponents.

8

Draw and briefly describe Maslow's hierarchy of needs that motivate human behavior.

9

Characterize a self-actualized individual as described by Maslow, and define what is meant by peak experiences.

10

Summarize what is meant by cognitive theory.

11

Define the roles of the following as they relate to the process of cognitive development:

schema:

assimilation:

accommodation:

equilibrium:

12

Explain cognitive learning.

13

Define the term natural selection.

14

Explain the ethological viewpoint.

15

Briefly define the following terms as they relate to ethology:

releasing stimulus:

imprinting:

critical period:

16

Explain Bronfenbrenner's D=f(PE).

17

Explain how proponents of the continuity and discontinuity models view human development. Compare and contrast the heredity (nature) vs. environment (nurture) views of development.

18

Explain the complex interaction of hereditary (maturation) and environmental factors as proposed by Scarr and McCartney.

passive:

evocative:

active:

19

Describe behavioral genetics, explain the renewed interest in biological determinism, and briefly cite the findings from the Kagan Timidity Studies:

behavioral genetics:

renewed interest:

Kagan Timidity Studies:

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