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  1. Consequences of Mutation
    1. Gene mutations are molecular changes in the DNA sequence of a gene
    2. Gene mutations can alter the coding sequence within a gene
    3. Gene mutations are also given names that describe how they affect the wild-type genotype and phenotype
    4. Gene mutations can occur outside of the coding sequence and still influence gene expression
    5. DNA sequences known as trinucleotide repeats may cause mutation
    6. Changes in chromosome structure can affect the expression of a gene
    7. Mutations can occur in germ line or somatic cells
  2. Occurrence and Causes of Mutation
    1. Spontaneous mutations are random events
    2. Randomly occurring mutations can give an organism a survival advantage
    3. Mutation rates and frequencies are ways to quantitatively assess mutation in a population
    4. Spontaneous mutations can arise by depurination, deamination, and tautomeric shifts
    5. X-rays were the first environmental agent shown to cause induced mutations
    6. Mutagens alter DNA structure in different ways
    7. Testing methods can determine if an agent is a mutagen
  3. DNA Repair
    1. Damaged bases can be directly repaired
    2. Base excision repair removes a damaged base
    3. Nucleotide excision repair systems remove segments of damaged DNA
    4. Mismatch repair systems recognize and correct a base pair mismatch
    5. Damaged DNA can be repaired by recombination
    6. Actively transcribed DNA is repaired more efficiently than nontranscribed DNA
    7. Damaged DNA may be replicated by translesion DNA polymerases







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