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Study Outline
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  1. Origin of Species
    1. A biological species is a group of reproductively isolated individuals
    2. Speciation usually occurs via a branching process called cladogenesis
    3. Divergent evolution can be allopatric, parapatric, or sympatric
    4. Müntzing was able to re-create an allotetraploid species
    5. Evolution can proceed gradually or be punctuated by periods of rapid change
  2. Evolution at the Molecular Level
    1. Homologous genes are derived from a common ancestral gene
    2. Variation in gene sequences can be used to construct phylogenetic trees
    3. Horizontal gene transfer also contributes to the evolution of species
    4. Scientists can examine the relationships between living and extinct flightless birds by analyzing ancient DNA and then comparing DNA sequences
    5. Genetic variation at the molecular level is associated with neutral changes in gene sequences
    6. Speciation is associated with changes in chromosome structure and number







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