|
1 | | is the mechanical process that moves air into and out of the lungs. |
|
|
2 | | The is another term for the windpipe, a sturdy tube supported by rings of cartilage. |
|
|
3 | | The "Adam's apple" refers to the largest cartilage of the . |
|
|
4 | | The alveoli of the lung are normally kept clean by the action of resident that remove particles and debris daily. |
|
|
5 | | In the middle of the thoracic cavity the wet pleural membranes join to form a double layer of epithelial membranes surrounding a central space called the . |
|
|
6 | | Air leaves the lungs during expiration because the atmospheric pressure is than the intrapulmonary, or alveolar pressure. |
|
|
7 | | law states that the pressure of a given quantity of gas is proportional to its volume. |
|
|
8 | | Lungs have the property of which is the tendency to return to its initial size after being distended; and assists in pushing air out of the lungs during expiration. |
|
|
9 | | is produced by the type II alveolar cells of the lungs and functions to lower the (two words) of water lining the alveolar membranes. |
|
|
10 | | Two of the more important groups of muscles involved in breathing are the internal and external muscles. |
|
|
11 | | An unforced, or quiet, inspiration results primarily from the contraction of the muscle, which lowers and flattens when it contracts, expanding the volume of the thoracic cavity. |
|
|
12 | | The maximum amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a maximum inhalation is called the (2 words). |
|
|
13 | | Vital capacity is reduced below normal in disorders like pulmonary fibrosis. |
|
|
14 | | The unit of gas pressure that is very nearly equal to the millimeter of mercury (mmHg) is the . |
|
|
15 | | In , the alveolar tissue is destroyed, resulting in fewer but larger alveoli that reduce the surface area for gas exchange resulting in an increased dead space. |
|
|
16 | | According to law, the total pressure of a gas mixture (such as air) is equal to the sum of the pressures that each gas in the mixture would exert independently. |
|
|
17 | | law states that the amount of gas dissolved in a fluid depends on the solubility of the gas, on the temperature of the fluid, and the partial pressure of the gas. |
|
|
18 | | The is the bottom portion of the lung and the is the top portion of the lung. |
|
|
19 | | An important concept in the overall performance of the respiratory system is to attempts by the lungs to match to the alveoli with the . |
|
|
20 | | The gas that is responsible for both the "bends" and the "rapture of the deep" is . |
|
|
21 | | The center promotes inspiration and the center that inhibits inspiration, are neural control centers located in the pons. |
|
|
22 | | The peripheral chemoreceptors include the bodies and the bodies that are sensitive to the chemical composition of arterial blood. |
|
|
23 | | The peripheral and central chemoreceptors control breathing indirectly via sensory nerve fibers that travel to the (2 words) in the central nervous system. |
|
|
24 | | When the blood levels of CO2 rise above normal the pH of the blood should . |
|
|
25 | | The (hyphenated word) reflex involves pulmonary stretch receptors that are stimulated by deep inspiration (and forced expiration perhaps) to inhibit the respiratory control centers and prevent further inspiration. |
|
|
26 | | That portion of the hemoglobin molecule that contains the iron atom is called the group. |
|
|
27 | | The combination of carbon monoxide and hemoglobin produces an abnormal form known as . |
|
|
28 | | An abnormally high red blood cell count is a clinical condition called . |
|
|
29 | | The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is shaped like the alphabet letter . |
|
|
30 | | The effect explains how the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is decreased when the pH is lowered, and increased when the pH is raised. |
|
|
31 | | In general, any shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right, such as during higher temperatures and a lower pH caused by exercise, for example, implies that oxygen will unload at a rate than normal. |
|
|
32 | | Normal adult hemoglobin A contains four proteins chains: two and two chains. |
|
|
33 | | The red pigment, comprised of a single globin chain, that is found exclusively in skeletal muscle and has a very high affinity for oxygen, is called . |
|
|
34 | | The important enzyme found in red blood cells that catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid, is called (2 words). |
|
|
35 | | Hypoventilation would cause the CO2 levels to rise in the plasma producing a shift in the acid-base balance that is known as a respiratory . |
|
|
36 | | In respiratory alkalosis, the pH is high and the PCO2 is low; the cause of this form of alkalosis is usually . |
|
|
37 | | The increased ventilation during exercise is not called hyperventilation, but rather has its own unique term, . |
|
|
38 | | During prolonged heavy exercise there is a maximum rate of oxygen consumption that can be attained before blood lactic acid levels rise as a result of anaerobic respiration. This limitation of the muscles themselves (not due to an inadequate cardiopulmonary system) is known as the lactate . |
|
|
39 | | The most common symptom of acute mountain sickness is a that is usually due to increased blood flow to the leading to increased pressure within the . |
|
|
40 | | The gas in the highest concentration in our atmosphere and therefore exerts the greatest partial pressure is . |
|
|
41 | | Hypercapnia refers to the condition in which the blood levels of rise above normal. |
|