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1 | | External respiration refers to |
| | A) | pulmonary ventilation. |
| | B) | ventilation and gas exchange between the air and blood. |
| | C) | ventilation, gas exchange, and gas transport by the blood. |
| | D) | everything except cellular respiration. |
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2 | | Alveoli are microscopic air sacs branching off the |
| | A) | tertiary bronchi. |
| | B) | bronchioles. |
| | C) | terminal bronchioles. |
| | D) | respiratory bronchioles. |
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3 | | The conducting zone of the respiratory system includes all of the following passages, except |
| | A) | the trachea. |
| | B) | alveolar ducts. |
| | C) | tertiary bronchi. |
| | D) | terminal bronchioles. |
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4 | | The conducting zone of the respiratory system does not |
| | A) | warm the inspired air. |
| | B) | exchange gases with the blood. |
| | C) | clean the inspired air. |
| | D) | humidify the inspired air. |
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5 | | The space ____ is referred to as a "potential space." |
| | A) | between the parietal and visceral pleurae |
| | B) | between the parietal pleura and intercostal muscles |
| | C) | between the visceral pleura and lung |
| | D) | within the alveoli |
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6 | | The pressure different across the lung wall is the |
| | A) | intrapulmonary pressure. |
| | B) | transpulmonary pressure. |
| | C) | intrapleural pressure. |
| | D) | subatmospheric pressure. |
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7 | | ____ states that the amount of pressure exerted by a gas in a mixture is proportional to the percentage of the gas in the mixture. |
| | A) | LaPlace's law |
| | B) | Dalton's law |
| | C) | Henry's law |
| | D) | Boyle's law |
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8 | | The ability of the lung to return to its normal size after stretching is known as |
| | A) | resilience. |
| | B) | compliance. |
| | C) | capacitance. |
| | D) | elasticity. |
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9 | | The ability of the lung to stretch during inspiration is due to the ________ of the lung. |
| | A) | resilience |
| | B) | compliance |
| | C) | capacitance |
| | D) | elasticity |
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10 | | A chest wound can introduce air into the intrapleural space, a condition known as |
| | A) | intrapleural pressure. |
| | B) | respiratory distress syndrome. |
| | C) | pneumothorax. |
| | D) | decompression sickness. |
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11 | | According to ____, if it were not for pulmonary surfactants, we should expect the surface tension in a small alveolus to produce greater pressure than in a larger one, and air would flow from the smaller alveolus into the larger one. |
| | A) | Henry's law |
| | B) | Dalton's law |
| | C) | LaPlace's law |
| | D) | Boyle's law |
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12 | | The nasal hairs and mucus |
| | A) | filter impurities from the inspired air. |
| | B) | reduce transpulmonary pressure. |
| | C) | reduce the surface tension in the alveoli. |
| | D) | keep the lungs moist so gas diffusion can occur. |
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13 | | Lung surfactant is produced by |
| | A) | type I alveolar cells. |
| | B) | type II alveolar cells. |
| | C) | filtration from the alveolar capillaries. |
| | D) | alveolar macrophages. |
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14 | | A deficiency of lung surfactant may result in |
| | A) | respiratory distress syndrome. |
| | B) | low pulmonary elasticity. |
| | C) | pneumothorax. |
| | D) | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. |
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15 | | The amount of air that is inhaled or exhaled in one breath during unforced breathing is the |
| | A) | residual volume. |
| | B) | vital capacity. |
| | C) | tidal volume. |
| | D) | expiratory reserve volume. |
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16 | | Forceful expiration requires the actions of the |
| | A) | scalenes. |
| | B) | external intercostals. |
| | C) | internal intercostals. |
| | D) | parasternals. |
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17 | | During normal, relaxed respiration, about 500 cc of air enters and leaves the lungs with each respiratory cycle. This is called the |
| | A) | inspiratory reserve volume. |
| | B) | vital capacity. |
| | C) | total lung capacity. |
| | D) | tidal volume. |
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18 | | The total minute volume of the lungs is obtained by multiplying the ______ at rest by the number of breaths per minute (respiratory rate). |
| | A) | vital capacity |
| | B) | total lung capacity |
| | C) | tidal volume |
| | D) | inspiratory capacity |
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19 | | A restrictive lung disorder is indicated by an abnormally low |
| | A) | vital capacity. |
| | B) | forced expiratory volume. |
| | C) | residual volume. |
| | D) | functional residual capacity. |
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20 | | Any lung disease that reduces the forced expiratory volume (FEV), but does not significantly affect the vital capacity is categorized purely as a(n) |
| | A) | restrictive lung disorder. |
| | B) | pulmonary fibrosis. |
| | C) | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. |
| | D) | obstructive lung disorder. |
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21 | | Glucocorticoids are most effective in treating |
| | A) | asthma. |
| | B) | emphysema. |
| | C) | pulmonary fibrosis. |
| | D) | pneumothorax. |
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22 | | Which of the following is classified as a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and is commonly known as black lung disease? |
| | A) | asthma. |
| | B) | pneumothorax. |
| | C) | bronchitis. |
| | D) | anthracosis. |
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23 | | Obstruction of circulation through the lungs can put a strain on the right ventricle, which must work to pump blood against this increased resistance, and can lead to failure of that chamber. This syndrome is known as |
| | A) | anthracosis. |
| | B) | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. |
| | C) | asthma. |
| | D) | cor pulmonale. |
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24 | | One atmosphere is defined as |
| | A) | 760 torr. |
| | B) | 0 mmHg. |
| | C) | 3 mmHg. |
| | D) | 1 torr. |
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25 | | The pressure of dry atmospheric gas is primarily determined by all the following gases, except ____, which makes a comparatively negligible contribution. |
| | A) | nitrogen |
| | B) | hydrogen |
| | C) | oxygen |
| | D) | carbon dioxide |
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26 | | A dry mixture of gases has a total pressure of 600 mm Hg and the oxygen comprises 20% of a gas mixture. The partial pressure of oxygen, or the PO2, is therefore equal to |
| | A) | 0.2. |
| | B) | 12. |
| | C) | 120 mmHg. |
| | D) | 200 mmHg. |
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27 | | According to Henry's law, the amount of gas that will dissolve in blood plasma or any other liquid is determined by which of these factors? |
| | A) | solubility of the gas in the liquid |
| | B) | the total pressure of the gas mixture |
| | C) | pH of the liquid |
| | D) | the osmotic pressure of the liquid |
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28 | | Which of the following changes does not occur when a fetus is delivered and begins to breathe on its own for the first time? |
| | A) | The rate of blood flow through pulmonary circulation decreases |
| | B) | The foramen ovale closes |
| | C) | The ductus arteriosus closes |
| | D) | The resistance to blood flow through the lung decreases |
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29 | | The bends are symptomatic of |
| | A) | nitrogen narcosis. |
| | B) | decompression sickness. |
| | C) | hyperbaric oxygen therapy. |
| | D) | carbon dioxide accumulation. |
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30 | | Decompression sickness is due to a sudden reduction in the solubility of ____ in the blood due to a reduction in surrounding air or water pressure. |
| | A) | H2 |
| | B) | CO2 |
| | C) | O2 |
| | D) | N2 |
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31 | | The rhythmicity center, a sort of pacemaker that sets the rhythm of automatic breathing, is located in the |
| | A) | pleurae. |
| | B) | lungs. |
| | C) | medulla oblongata. |
| | D) | diaphragm. |
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32 | | The rate and depth of respiration are influenced by several sensory and control centers, some of which are listed here. Which of these is located in the pons? |
| | A) | the central chemoreceptors |
| | B) | the apneustic center |
| | C) | the rhythmicity center |
| | D) | the E neurons |
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33 | | Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and hydrogen (H+) ions result from a reaction of ____ with water. |
| | A) | oxygen |
| | B) | hydrogen |
| | C) | carbon dioxide |
| | D) | carbon monoxide |
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34 | | Hypoventilation tends to cause |
| | A) | a rise in blood pH. |
| | B) | hypercapnia. |
| | C) | a substantial increase in the PO2 of the blood. |
| | D) | acidosis. |
| | E) | both b and d |
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35 | | If a person's PCO2 remains chronically high, as in emphysema, the peripheral chemoreceptors become insensitive to hypercapnia and pulmonary ventilation becomes stimulated by ____ rather than by increases in blood PCO2. |
| | A) | hypocapnia |
| | B) | acidosis |
| | C) | hypoxic drive |
| | D) | the Hering-Breuer reflex |
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36 | | The _____ makes it virtually impossible to voluntarily over-inflate the lungs. |
| | A) | apneustic center |
| | B) | Hering-Breuer reflex |
| | C) | hypercapnia |
| | D) | the I neurons |
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37 | | Oxygen binds to the ____ of deoxyhemoglobin. |
| | A) | alpha chains |
| | B) | beta chains |
| | C) | iron atom in the heme groups |
| | D) | organic portion of the heme group |
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38 | | Hemoglobin that is has undergone oxidation of the iron is known as |
| | A) | carboxyhemoglobin. |
| | B) | methemoglobin. |
| | C) | reduced hemoglobin. |
| | D) | carbaminohemoglobin. |
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39 | | At rest, about ____ of the oxyhemoglobin in the arterial blood unloads its oxygen in one pass through the systemic capillaries. |
| | A) | 10-12% |
| | B) | 20-25% |
| | C) | 50-60% |
| | D) | 85-97% |
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40 | | The Bohr effect describes the effect of |
| | A) | increased pH on the increased ability of oxygen to load onto hemoglobin. |
| | B) | decreased pH decreasing the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, enhancing unloading. |
| | C) | decreased pH increasing the loading of carbon dioxide onto hemoglobin. |
| | D) | increased temperature decreasing the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. |
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41 | | When there is less oxyhemoglobin in the blood, red blood cells produce 2,3-DPG. This metabolic product |
| | A) | enhances oxygen unloading at the systemic capillaries. |
| | B) | makes deoxyhemoglobin less stable. |
| | C) | shifts the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left. |
| | D) | stimulates the production of more red blood cells. |
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42 | | Two alpha chains and two gamma chains make up the protein (globin) part of |
| | A) | hemoglobin A. |
| | B) | hemoglobin F. |
| | C) | hemoglobin S. |
| | D) | methemoglobin. |
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43 | | Hemoglobin S differs from hemoglobin A in that |
| | A) | glutamic acid is replaced by valine in the beta chain. |
| | B) | the two beta chains are replaced by gamma chains. |
| | C) | it has two heme groups instead of four. |
| | D) | it consists of only a single globin chain and heme group. |
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44 | | Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in all of the following ways except as |
| | A) | dissolved gas. |
| | B) | bicarbonate ion. |
| | C) | carbaminohemoglobin. |
| | D) | carboxyhemoglobin. |
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45 | | When HCO3- diffuses out of the red blood cells into the plasma in systemic capillaries, ____ diffuses into the RBCs to replace it. |
| | A) | hydrogen ion (H+) |
| | B) | hydroxyl ion (OH-) |
| | C) | chloride ion (Cl-) |
| | D) | CO2 |
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46 | | If the H+ concentration drops below normal, the deficiency of H+ is compensated mainly by the dissociation of |
| | A) | hemoglobin. |
| | B) | hydroxyl ion. |
| | C) | carbonic acid. |
| | D) | bicarbonate ions. |
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47 | | Metabolic acidosis is common but can result from |
| | A) | hyperventilation. |
| | B) | chronic vomiting. |
| | C) | uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. |
| | D) | hypoventilation. |
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48 | | The increased pulmonary ventilation that occurs during exercise, is called |
| | A) | tachypnea. |
| | B) | hyperventilation. |
| | C) | hyperpnea. |
| | D) | the Bohr effect. |
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49 | | In prolonged exercise, lactic acid begins to accumulate in the muscles when the ____ is reached. |
| | A) | maximum oxygen uptake |
| | B) | lactate threshold |
| | C) | maximum respiratory rate |
| | D) | vital capacity |
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50 | | The diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood of the alveolar capillaries is rapid and involves diffusion across the membrane of an __________ cell, then diffusion across the membrane of an _____________cell. |
| | A) | alveolar type I, endothelial |
| | B) | endothelial, alveolar type I |
| | C) | alveolar type II, endothelial |
| | D) | endothelial, alveolar type II |
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51 | | For a gas mixture where the total atmospheric pressure is 300 mm Hg, what is the partial pressure of nitrogen, assuming the air mixture is 70 percent nitrogen? |
| | A) | 100 mm Hg |
| | B) | 210 mm Hg |
| | C) | 370 mm Hg |
| | D) | 730 mm Hg |
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52 | | The central chemoreceptors will increase their firing rate in direct response to increases in the level of ___________ in the CSF, resulting in ____________ ventilation. |
| | A) | acid, increased |
| | B) | acid, decreased |
| | C) | CO2, increased |
| | D) | CO2, decreased |
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53 | | What does a right shift in the oxygen dissociation curve indicate about the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin? |
| | A) | increased oxygen loading |
| | B) | increased oxygen unloading |
| | C) | no overall change |
| | D) | decreased CO2 loading |
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54 | | The reverse chloride shift, which involves the exchange of _____________ for chloride in the erythrocytes, takes place in the __________. |
| | A) | bicarbonate, lungs |
| | B) | bicarbonate, tissues |
| | C) | sodium, lungs |
| | D) | sodium, tissues |
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55 | | In response to metabolic acidosis, ventilation will ___________. This change is ventilation is called _______________. |
| | A) | decrease, hypoventilation |
| | B) | decrease, hyperventilation |
| | C) | increase, hypoventilation |
| | D) | increase, hyperventilation |
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56 | | Expansion of the thoracic cavity produces a slightly _________ intrapulmonary pressure. |
| | A) | positive |
| | B) | negative |
| | C) | constant |
| | D) | saturated |
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57 | | Which of the following pulmonary disorders results from a decreased release of anti-trypsin from macrophages? |
| | A) | genetic emphysema |
| | B) | emphysema from smoking |
| | C) | asthma |
| | D) | bronchitis |
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