Read each question carefully and then select the best answer.

1		_______ refers to all of the characteristics of a person.
			A)	The self
			B)	Self-concept
			C)	Identity
			D)	Personality
2		At approximately what age does rudimentary self-understanding (self-recognition) first take place?
			A)	6 months
			B)	18 months
			C)	24 months
			D)	36 months
3		Preschoolers most often describe themselves in terms of their:
			A)	thoughts.
			B)	physical characteristics.
			C)	emotions.
			D)	relationships to other people.
4		Lauren is 4 years old. What would Lauren MOST likely say if you asked her to describe who she is?
			A)	"I am quiet, nice, and friendly."
			B)	"I have brown hair, and I have a bicycle."
			C)	"I like preschool, especially reading, and I am good in art."
			D)	"I am the daughter of Sam and Renee and the sister of William."
5		Jaymon is a third-grader and has been asked by his teacher to describe himself. What is the MOST likely description Jaymon will give?
			A)	"I have a dog."
			B)	"I have blue eyes."
			C)	"I am friendly."
			D)	"I am strong."
6		The ability to understand another person's thoughts and feelings is:
			A)	self-awareness.
			B)	perspective taking.
			C)	self-control.
			D)	love.
7		In terms of self-understanding, children in late childhood are MORE likely than children in early childhood to:
			A)	compare themselves to their peers.
			B)	compare themselves to role models.
			C)	use physical characteristics to describe themselves.
			D)	use outer states to describe themselves.
8		Which of the following terms refers to self-evaluations in the different domains of an individual's life?
			A)	self-concept
			B)	self-esteem
			C)	self-awareness
			D)	self-control
9		If researchers measure an individual's self-concept at age 10, 20, 30, and 40, where are they likely to find the MOST self-concept stability?
			A)	between the ages of 10 and 30
			B)	between the ages of 20 and 30
			C)	between the ages of 20 and 40
			D)	There will be little change in self-concept over the life span.
10		Erikson believed that elderly adults use their impending death as a motivation to look back and evaluate their life. This form of retrospection is what many theorists call:
			A)	life review.
			B)	identity resolution.
			C)	integrity formation.
			D)	retrospective spirit.
11		Which is the LEAST likely outcome of life review?
			A)	increased fear of death
			B)	the discovery of the meaning of one's life
			C)	a new sense of self
			D)	an opportunity to share insights with significant others
12		Angela has been told that she is high in self-regulation. If this is true, we would expect Angela to:
			A)	need therapy.
			B)	achieve her goals.
			C)	be overly controlled.
			D)	be rigid and inflexible.
13		Compared with earlier periods, adolescence is a time of:
			A)	increases in self-regulation.
			B)	decreases in self-regulation.
			C)	both increases and decreases in self-regulation.
			D)	stability in terms of self-regulation.
14		According to Baltes, successful aging is based on selection, optimization, and:
			A)	elaboration.
			B)	flexibility.
			C)	adjustment.
			D)	compensation.
15		Self-esteem is to _______ self-evaluation as self-concept is to _______ self-evaluation.
			A)	global; domain-specific
			B)	personal; academic
			C)	subjective; objective
			D)	interpersonal; intrapersonal
16		Susan Harter believes that the best way to enhance a child's sense of self-esteem is to:
			A)	coach the child in his or her weakest area.
			B)	help the child recognize and value a strength he or she already has.
			C)	point out that other children are not performing as well as this child.
			D)	reinforce the child when he or she says positive things about himself or herself.
17		Peter and Lynette want to help their daughter develop high self-esteem. They should teacher her to:
			A)	turn to adults for help when faced with a problem.
			B)	ignore problems.
			C)	cope with problems.
			D)	turn her problems over to someone who is more advanced at problem-solving.
18		Authoritarian parents who have a lot of rules that restrict their children's behavior tend to move children toward:
			A)	greater feelings of guilt.
			B)	having a weak conscience.
			C)	feelings of despair and stagnation.
			D)	a greater desire to take initiative over their dominating parents.
19		What does a child get from peers that he or she typically cannot get from siblings?
			A)	a same-sex friend
			B)	a chance to share intimate feelings
			C)	an idea of how the child compares to other children the same age
			D)	a view of what the world looks like from another person's perspective
20		As children transition from elementary school to middle school, their self-esteem:
			A)	drops.
			B)	increases.
			C)	does not change for most children.
			D)	drops for girls but increases for boys.
21		The adolescent identity crisis refers to a period:
			A)	of confusion during which youth are choosing between attachment and autonomy.
			B)	when adolescents are actively making decisions about who they want to be.
			C)	when adolescents actively avoid commitment to ideas or occupations.
			D)	of intense turmoil and stress that lasts a short time and determines an adolescent's identity status.
22		According to Erikson, what must individuals achieve before they can develop intimacy?
			A)	an identity
			B)	secure attachment
			C)	self-appraisal
			D)	commitment
23		According to the contemporary view of identity development, your sense of identity is determined:
			A)	with attachment during infancy.
			B)	by your choice of family lifestyle.
			C)	by resolving the identity crisis during adolescence.
			D)	during infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age.
24		Ramona's parents have decided that she will enroll in the state college near their hometown. Ramona hasn't given much thought to the issue and will probably do what they advise. According to psychologist James Marcia, accepting her parents' advice will put Ramona into:
			A)	identity diffusion.
			B)	identity foreclosure.
			C)	identity moratorium.
			D)	identity achievement.
25		Ramon considered attending a technical college, but also wondered about the value of getting a bachelor's degree from a university. He finally decided to attend the technical college but still wonders if his choice was correct. According to James Marcia, Ramon is in a state of:
			A)	identity diffusion.
			B)	identity foreclosure.
			C)	identity moratorium.
			D)	identity achievement.
26		Researchers believe that adolescents who develop the most positive sense of identity are ones who:
			A)	never enter into an identity crisis.
			B)	follow the "MAMA" (moratorium, achievement, moratorium, achievement) cycle of identity.
			C)	reach identity foreclosure by age 16.
			D)	reach identity achievement by age 16.
27		Jason was confused about whether to propose to his girlfriend. After he proposed, he felt great and knew he had done the right thing. As the wedding date approached, however, he was overcome with doubt. He considered calling off the wedding but did not. Today he is happily married and glad he made his decision. Jason's experience is an example of:
			A)	identity diffusion.
			B)	identity foreclosure.
			C)	the "MAMA" cycle of identity development.
			D)	the values-conflict tension in identity development.
28		The term that James Marcia uses to refer to the part of identity development in which adolescents show a personal investment in what they are going to do is:
			A)	value.
			B)	desire.
			C)	commitment.
			D)	involvement.
29		Asked whether they ever had doubts about their religion, four students gave the following answers. Which of these students has arrived at identity achievement?
			A)	Kristin: "Oh, I don't know. It really doesn't bother me. I figure one's about as good as another."
			B)	Joe: "No, not really. Our family is pretty much in agreement about these things."
			C)	Alicia: "Yes, I guess I'm going through that right now. How can there be a god with so much evil in the world?"
			D)	Phil: "Yeah, I even started wondering if God existed. I've pretty much resolved that by now, though."
30		Autocratic parents are most likely to have adolescents experiencing identity:
			A)	achievement.
			B)	moratorium.
			C)	foreclosure.
			D)	diffusion.
31		According to Cooper and Grotevant (1989), both _______ and _______ are important in the adolescent's identity development.
			A)	separation; conflict
			B)	individuality; connectedness
			C)	obedience; self-regulation
			D)	family; peer relations
32		Most ethnic minority individuals first consciously confront their ethnicity in:
			A)	early childhood.
			B)	middle childhood.
			C)	adolescence.
			D)	young adulthood.
33		A contemporary criticism of Freud's developmental theory is that:
			A)	sexual development declines as we enter adulthood.
			B)	the superego does not fully develop until adulthood.
			C)	childhood experiences are not the only important experiences in our life.
			D)	unresolved conflicts are not as important as once thought.
34		Jennifer believes that each individual follows a unique path toward the development of personality and that one's personality is constantly changing across the life span. Her views are most similar to:
			A)	Bandura
			B)	Erikson
			C)	Freud
			D)	Costa and McCrae
35		35 Behavioral theories suggest that personality is:
			A)	situation specific.
			B)	composed of five basic dimensions.
			C)	fairly consistent over time and situations.
			D)	determined by the external environment.
36		Which type of personality theories stress the person's capacity for personal growth, freedom to choose one's own destiny, and positive qualities?
			A)	social cognitive
			B)	psychoanalytic
			C)	behavioral
			D)	humanistic
37		Which of the following is one of Costa and McCrae's "big five" personality traits?
			A)	sensitivity
			B)	masculinity/femininity
			C)	aggressiveness
			D)	extraversion
38		Paul Costa and Robert McCrae determined that the "big five" personality factors:
			A)	showed different patterns of development during middle adulthood.
			B)	became the "big three" as adults matured.
			C)	go through a series of developmental stages.
			D)	remain relatively stable during the middle adult years.
39		Evidence from an accumulation of studies indicates that the midlife crisis is:
			A)	a universal phenomenon.
			B)	present in most individuals, but not all.
			C)	dependent on the cohort that is currently middle-aged.
			D)	exaggerated.
40		Hyun-Joo experiences great satisfaction through nurturing, guiding, and teaching skills to her children. According to Erik Erikson, Hyun-Joo is dealing successfully with which psychological task?
			A)	industry versus inferiority
			B)	identity versus confusion
			C)	intimacy versus isolation
			D)	generativity versus stagnation
41		Stage theories of adult development have been criticized for:
			A)	having a female bias.
			B)	not adequately addressing women's concerns about relationships.
			C)	placing too much importance on childbearing and child rearing.
			D)	not adequately addressing how men balance career and family.
42		Regarding age changes in personality, Bernice Neugarten in the Kansas City Study found that:
			A)	personality remains fairly constant, but age changes do exist.
			B)	significant gender differences in personality were present, but mostly at younger ages.
			C)	neurosis increases with age, but social inhibitions in personality decline.
			D)	depression increases with age, but only in the personality of elderly who are widowed.