Read each question carefully and then select the best answer.

1		_______ are children of about the same age or maturity level.
			A)	Play groups
			B)	Cohorts
			C)	Peers
			D)	Friends
2		One of the most important functions of the peer group is to:
			A)	foster love and understanding.
			B)	act as a surrogate for the parents.
			C)	teach the importance of friendship.
			D)	teach about the world outside the family
3		Anna Freud studied orphan children who banded together during crisis in World War II. She found that these children:
			A)	were wary of outsiders and supportive of one another.
			B)	adopted a care-taking adult to help them feel more secure and comfortable.
			C)	were wary of each other and formed a dependence on a neighboring adult.
			D)	depended too much on each other and developed serious disorders after the war.
4		Samantha has few friends at school. Other children pay little attention to her, but no one actively dislikes her. Samantha is a _______ child.
			A)	rejected
			B)	neglected
			C)	latchkey
			D)	controversial
5		Pedro is a rejected child. To teach him how to gain popularity with his peers, Pedro's counselor should encourage him to:
			A)	join a group of peers, but avoid asking them questions.
			B)	gain status by talking about items of personal interest to him, even if they are of no interest to others.
			C)	get peers to pay attention to him through some positive activity (e.g., treating the class to pizza).
			D)	learn to regulate his emotions.
6		Parents of victims of bullies tend to have _______ relationships with their children.
			A)	emotionally distant
			B)	intensely close
			C)	abusive
			D)	indifferent
7		One reason that may underlie the difficulties of children who are rejected by their peers is their:
			A)	disinterest in interacting with peers.
			B)	skill in drawing attention away from themselves.
			C)	preference for interaction with adults instead of peers.
			D)	difficulty in adequately communicating with their peers.
8		How do children who have problems interacting with their peers DIFFER from children without such problems?
			A)	Children without difficulties simply believe that "might makes right" in social interactions.
			B)	Children with difficulties generate fewer alternative solutions to social problems.
			C)	Children without difficulties respond faster to social problems.
			D)	Children with difficulties are too reflective in the planning of responses to social situations.
9		Play therapy is based on the notion that:
			A)	play relaxes children and acts as a calming influence.
			B)	if the child feels less threatened, true feelings will be displayed.
			C)	the child will model adaptive behavior during play.
			D)	increased cognitive functioning during play allows the child to understand whatever problem is being experienced.
10		Which developmentalist believed that play is exciting and pleasurable because it satisfied our exploratory drive?
			A)	Daniel Berlyne
			B)	Lev Vygostsky
			C)	Jean Piaget
			D)	Sigmund Freud
11		Parten's play categories are examples of increasingly complex and interactive:
			A)	pretense/symbolic play.
			B)	social play.
			C)	instructional play.
			D)	academic play.
12		Ronald watches two other children play marbles, and, although he does not join the game, he asks them a lot of questions about the rules and who owns which marbles. Ronald is showing an example of:
			A)	solitary play.
			B)	onlooker play.
			C)	unoccupied play.
			D)	passive-observer play.
13		Several children are playing with blocks. They all take blocks from the same big pile, but they are each building their own structures without anyone else's help. These children are showing an example of:
			A)	parallel play.
			B)	onlooker play.
			C)	associative play.
			D)	cooperative play.
14		According to Parten, children involved in _______ play seem to be more interested in each other than in the tasks they are performing.
			A)	associative
			B)	cooperative
			C)	parallel
			D)	onlooker
15		When a 2-year-old pretends to "eat" a book and uses this type of play as a funny way to explore ideas and symbols, this play is referred to as:
			A)	associative.
			B)	cooperative.
			C)	constructive.
			D)	pretense/symbolic
16		Constructive play is play that:
			A)	transforms the physical environment into a symbol.
			B)	engages children in their own solution to a problem.
			C)	involves children in social interactions with their peers.
			D)	increases mastery and coordination of skills.
17		Practice play differs from sensorimotor play in that practice play:
			A)	is common in the infancy stage of development.
			B)	involves coordination of skills.
			C)	revolves around the use of symbols.
			D)	is done for its own sake.
18		Female friendships are more _______ than male friendships, whereas male friendships are more _______ than female friendships.
			A)	competitive; companionate
			B)	nurturing; aloof
			C)	intimate; competitive
			D)	long-lasting; temporary
19		Which statement about a friend is MOST likely to be made by a child in middle to late childhood?
			A)	"He's my friend because he has a great croquet set."
			B)	"We're friends because we live on the same street."
			C)	"Opposites attract."
			D)	"We share secrets."
20		Tamara's friend Shelley is someone she can confide in and get good advice from, and her friend Tanya is interesting and introduces her to many new things to do. The functions each of these friendships serves, respectively, are:
			A)	companionship; social comparison.
			B)	intimacy/affection; stimulation.
			C)	ego support; physical support.
			D)	intimacy/affection; similarity.
21		Research by Harry Stack Sullivan (1953) suggests that:
			A)	adolescents who do not have close friendships experience loneliness and a reduced sense of self-worth.
			B)	adolescents depend more on their parents than on their friends for a sense of self-worth.
			C)	adolescents with no close friends learn to develop a sense of autonomy.
			D)	as adolescents get older, they begin to spend as much time with their friends as with their parents.
22		Laura, an elderly woman, will be most content if she:
			A)	continues to make new friends.
			B)	has at least three close people in her network.
			C)	has several close people in her network.
			D)	remarries after her divorce.
23		Which of the following children is most likely to conform to peer pressure to engage in antisocial acts such as shoplifting or drawing graffiti?
			A)	Andrew, who is in seventh grade
			B)	Brandon, who is in ninth grade
			C)	Charles, who is a high school sophomore
			D)	Dale, who is a high school senior
24		Investigators have found that conformity to peers peaks around which grade level?
			A)	sixth and seventh grades
			B)	eighth and ninth grades
			C)	tenth and eleventh grades
			D)	twelfth grade
25		In general, the research on adolescent cliques indicates that:
			A)	high power and status are most often accorded to bright students.
			B)	membership in a high-status clique leads to increased self-esteem.
			C)	adolescent cliques show a generalizable structure across schools.
			D)	high self-esteem leads to and results from becoming a member of high-status cliques.
26		Which of the following is one of the five types of cliques that Brown and Mounts (1989) identified as typical in U.S. high schools?
			A)	politicals
			B)	technicals
			C)	in-crowd
			D)	normals
27		A study of clique membership by Brown and Lohr (1987) revealed that the individuals with the lowest self-esteem were the:
			A)	jocks.
			B)	populars.
			C)	druggies.
			D)	nobodies.
28		One of the main factors that distinguishes cliques is:
			A)	socioeconomic status.
			B)	group norms regarding school orientation.
			C)	individual interests.
			D)	parental supervision and monitoring.
29		Omar, an older retired adult who maintains his interest in friends, gold, and the stock market, illustrates which theory of aging?
			A)	engagement
			B)	disengagement
			C)	activity
			D)	social construction
30		Rachel is developing an increasing self-preoccupation and a decreasing interest in society's affairs. Which social theory of aging would account for Rachel's behavior?
			A)	activity theory
			B)	disengagement theory
			C)	socioemotional selectivity
			D)	selective optimization with compensation
31		_______ is defined as prejudice against others because of their age, especially prejudice against older adults.
			A)	Ageism
			B)	Scapegoating
			C)	The generation gap
			D)	Senility
32		According to research by Janice Kiecolt-Glaser and her colleagues (1991), caregivers who care for an older person are likely to:
			A)	feel a great sense of fulfillment.
			B)	experience much anger and frustration.
			C)	receive support themselves from family members or their religious groups.
			D)	become depressed and have suppressed immune systems.
33		Researchers have found that _______ is especially important to successful aging.
			A)	lack of stress
			B)	good genes
			C)	maintaining employment
			D)	being active
34		The concept of _______ is often used to describe perceived control over the environment and the ability to produce positive outcomes.
			A)	self-esteem
			B)	self-control
			C)	self-efficacy
			D)	self-satisfaction
35		Which of the following is an example of a collectivistic society?
			A)	United States
			B)	Great Britain
			C)	Netherlands
			D)	Thailand
36		Research by Donald Campbell and his colleagues revealed that people in all cultures tend to:
			A)	emphasize the "self" over the group.
			B)	understand that people in different cultures may view the world differently.
			C)	feel favorably toward members of other cultural groups.
			D)	perceive their cultural customs as universally valid.
37		Kong Meng grew up in a culture that emphasized subordinating personal goals to preserve group integrity, interdependence of group members, and harmonious relationships. He grew up in what type of society?
			A)	collectivistic
			B)	individualistic
			C)	communistic
			D)	socialistic
38		In most cultures, the rite of passage is designed to:
			A)	maintain a controlled and responsible level of birth rate.
			B)	test whether adolescents are ready for adult responsibilities.
			C)	test whether adolescents know enough about sexuality to begin selecting mates.
			D)	help the adolescent make the transition from their immediate family into adulthood.
39		A ceremony that marks an individual's transition from one status to another (such as adolescence to adulthood) is called a:
			A)	rite of passage.
			B)	transitory stage.
			C)	period of transition.
			D)	ritualistic transition.
40		The average income of retired Americans is:
			A)	approximately 80 percent of what they earned at the time they retired.
			B)	about half of what they earned when they were fully employed.
			C)	greater than what they earned while working once we consider they have fewer work-related expenses such as meals, work clothes, etc.
			D)	about the same as what they earned while working once we consider they have fewer work-related expenses such as meals, work clothes, etc.
41		One of the major limitations of studies on the effects of ethnicity is that _______ may play a larger causal role than ethnic heritage, but it is difficult to tease the two variables apart.
			A)	race
			B)	innate physical variation
			C)	socioeconomic status
			D)	language
42		Compared to men, _______ as many elderly women are living in poverty.
			A)	twice
			B)	three times
			C)	four times
			D)	five times
43		Many African Americans rely on ________ cope with the challenges of growing older in a racist and ageist society.
			A)	family networks and often the church
			B)	the kindness and generosity of Whites and other Americans
			C)	government programs that make up for the discrimination
			D)	the extra welfare and Social Security they will receive for being minority poor