Read each question carefully and then select the best answer.

1		According to the _______ approach, children learn best in a teacher-centered classroom that focuses on the mastery of academic skills.
			A)	direct instruction
			B)	cognitive constructivist
			C)	social constructivist
			D)	whole learning
2		The belief that teachers should encourage collaborative learning opportunities is most characteristic of the _______ approach to student learning.
			A)	direct instruction
			B)	cognitive constructivist
			C)	social constructivist
			D)	whole learning
3		_______ theory is an example of a social constructivist approach to education.
			A)	Piaget's
			B)	Vygotsky's
			C)	Watson's
			D)	Elkind's
4		A criticism of the direct instruction approach is that it:
			A)	does not give enough attention to the content of a discipline.
			B)	is too relativistic and vague.
			C)	excessively stresses critical thinking and creativity.
			D)	turns children into passive learners.
5		An instructor who uses developmentally inappropriate methods for teaching the alphabet would:
			A)	have the children recite the alphabet three times a day every day.
			B)	use music to teach the alphabet.
			C)	use animal names and shapes to teach the alphabet.
			D)	use the sandbox to let children draw the letters of the alphabet.
6		Because Antonio is attending a school that has adopted the Reggio Emilia approach to education, we would expect him to be encouraged to learn by:
			A)	memorizing such things as the alphabet and the multiplication tables.
			B)	structuring his thought processes.
			C)	investigating and exploring topics that interest him.
			D)	incorporating his family into his educational process.
7		Project Head Start was designed to:
			A)	provide low-income children a chance to acquire skills that would help them succeed at school.
			B)	assess the advantages and disadvantages of preschool educational programs.
			C)	give parents an educational day care center.
			D)	determine the feasibility of starting formal education at an earlier age.
8		Lonnie is in a preschool that is very academically focused. Research suggests that Lonnie is more likely than a child who attends a less academically oriented preschool to:
			A)	be highly creative.
			B)	be less positive toward school.
			C)	show better mastery of basic skills.
			D)	show greater confidence when taking tests.
9		In addition to his own language, Scott must study Latin, French, English, and Spanish. Scott probably attends high school in:
			A)	Brazil.
			B)	Germany.
			C)	Japan.
			D)	Russia.
10		A trend in adolescent development that has formulated the creation of middle schools is:
			A)	an increase in formal operational thinking among early adolescents.
			B)	the appearance of greater autonomy from adults.
			C)	the earlier onset of puberty in recent decades.
			D)	the fact that today's teens spend more time with peers than with parents or adults.
11		Students experiencing the top-dog phenomenon are most likely to exhibit:
			A)	high achievement motivation.
			B)	lowered satisfaction with school.
			C)	good relations with peers.
			D)	power over other students.
12		Joan Lipsitz (1984) said that the common thread among schools that have been successful in diminishing the trauma often associated with the middle-school experience is that they all emphasized:
			A)	gender equity.
			B)	curricular flexibility.
			C)	discipline.
			D)	the importance of high academic standards.
13		Which is the only country in the world in which sports are an integral part of the public school system?
			A)	the United States
			B)	Russia
			C)	Japan
			D)	Brazil
14		College freshmen are MOST similar to high school freshmen in that both:
			A)	experience high rates of depression due to burnout.
			B)	are considered to be novices in their respective settings.
			C)	are considered to be experts in their respective settings.
			D)	have little autonomy in selecting courses of study.
15		The number of college freshmen today who report that they often feel depressed:
			A)	is lower than it was in the 1980s.
			B)	is higher than it was in the 1980s.
			C)	is about the same as it always has been.
			D)	includes most of the college freshman population.
16		Which country has the largest percentage of college students?
			A)	the United States
			B)	Canada
			C)	Ireland
			D)	France
17		One reason that older adults return to school is to:
			A)	update their skills.
			B)	learn more about aging.
			C)	learn more effective cognitive and social-coping skills.
			D)	communicate with their grandchildren.
18		The most common disability among schoolchildren in the United States is:
			A)	visual impairment.
			B)	learning disabilities.
			C)	mental retardation.
			D)	speech handicaps.
19		Jason, a second-grader, has no trouble with math, science, or art, but he cannot spell, read, or write. Jason is likely to be diagnosed with:
			A)	a vision impairment.
			B)	a speech handicap.
			C)	a learning disability.
			D)	an attention deficit.
20		_______ is characterized by severe impairment in reading and spelling.
			A)	Attention deficit disorder
			B)	Phonological deficit disorder
			C)	Dyslexia
			D)	Speech impediment
21		Boys are more likely to suffer from:
			A)	ADHD only.
			B)	learning disabilities only.
			C)	dyslexia only.
			D)	both ADHD and learning disabilities.
22		_______ plays the most important role in causing ADHD.
			A)	Learning
			B)	Inconsistent parenting
			C)	Heredity
			D)	Lack of motivation
23		Today, the term inclusion means educating a child with disabilities:
			A)	in a full-time special education program.
			B)	full-time in the general school program.
			C)	partially in a special education classroom, partially in a regular classroom.
			D)	in the least restrictive environment possible.
24		Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the use of rewards in the classroom?
			A)	Rewards can reduce student interest in learning.
			B)	Rewards can be an incentive.
			C)	Rewards can lead students to believe that they are otherwise incompetent.
			D)	Rewards can convey information about mastery.
25		Calvin likes his computer class because of his strong desire to learn computers and the enjoyment he gets from learning, rather than because of any external rewards. Calvin is demonstrating _______ motivation.
			A)	extrinsic
			B)	intrinsic
			C)	external
			D)	internal
26		Juan tries to discover the underlying causes of his own and other people's behavior in an effort to make sense of that behavior. Juan's search for causes is explained by ________ theory.
			A)	self-efficacy
			B)	attribution
			C)	social cognitive
			D)	behavioral
27		Sun expends a great deal of effort eagerly working on learning tasks, and he persists for a long time on these tasks. According to Dale Schunk's (1989, 1991) findings on student achievement, Sun is high in:
			A)	self-esteem.
			B)	self-regulation.
			C)	self-control.
			D)	self-efficacy.
28		Judy, a secretary, tends to function best in well-structured circumstances and is skilled at working with details. Holland would classify Judy as having a(n) _______ career-related personality type.
			A)	social
			B)	conventional
			C)	realistic
			D)	enterprising
29		The educational and prestige levels of the _______ type are the highest of Holland's six basic career-related personality types.
			A)	realistic
			B)	investigative
			C)	social
			D)	enterprising
30		The fastest-growing careers in the United States in the near future will be in the _______ field.
			A)	medical
			B)	educational
			C)	computer technology
			D)	criminal justice
31		If a person wants to advance in a career as quickly as possible, which of the following would be the BEST strategy for doing so?
			A)	Get computer experience.
			B)	Change jobs often to gain promotions.
			C)	Go directly to work after high school so that seniority can be built up.
			D)	Plan to put forth best efforts during middle age when career advancement is rapid.
32		According to information in your textbook, what will be the balance of leisure and work for most individuals during middle adulthood?
			A)	They will work more and participate in leisure less.
			B)	The balance of work and leisure in their lives will stay what it was in their earlier life.
			C)	They will participate in leisure more and work less.
			D)	The balance cannot be determined; life patterns for different people are too variable.
33		Aristotle viewed leisure as:
			A)	a waste of time.
			B)	harmful.
			C)	unnecessary.
			D)	important in life.
34		Leisure is particularly important during middle adulthood because it:
			A)	improves the nation's economy.
			B)	helps adults narrow their interests.
			C)	eases the transition from work to retirement.
			D)	gives grandparents something to talk about with their grandchildren.
35		An important change in older adults' work patterns is an increase in:
			A)	full-time work.
			B)	part-time work.
			C)	early retirement.
			D)	women dying on the job.
36		Which retiree would be expected to have the POOREST adjustment to retirement?
			A)	Zachary, a Ph.D. in sociology, who has saved for retirement for the past 30 years.
			B)	Yoel, a widower who worked in a minimum-wage construction job since high school graduation.
			C)	Xanath, an interior decorator who decided to move to France to attend art school at the Sorbonne.
			D)	Wilma, a widow who volunteers as a guide at the art museum.
37		Which of the following government policies contributed MOST to the increase in the number of Americans who retire?
			A)	the Age Discrimination Act of 1967
			B)	the deletion of mandatory retirement in 1986
			C)	establishment of the Social Security system in 1935
			D)	the extension of the mandatory retirement age in 1978
38		Hans is a German worker who is thinking about early retirement. Which of the following is likely to be TRUE for Hans?
			A)	His government will probably discourage him from retiring early.
			B)	He will probably be offered good financial incentives to retire early.
			C)	He would be unusual if he retires at 65, because most Germans retire at age 50.
			D)	He would be unusual if he retires early, because most Germans work until age 70.