Read each question carefully and then select the best answer.

1		Information-processing approaches see the child as:
			A)	passive.
			B)	absorbing information from the environment.
			C)	similar to a computer.
			D)	trying to make sense of life and academic tasks.
2		The information-processing approach is primarily concerned with the processes of:
			A)	memory and thinking.
			B)	sensation and perception.
			C)	assimilation and accommodation.
			D)	constructivism.
3		When analogies are drawn between computers and mental processes, the physical brain is referred to as:
			A)	software.
			B)	hardware.
			C)	terminal processes.
			D)	the central processing unit.
4		The information-processing approach is which type of developmental theory?
			A)	cognitive
			B)	psychoanalytic
			C)	behavioral
			D)	ecological
5		In a study of younger and older typists, Salthouse (1984) found that:
			A)	younger typists consistently outperformed the older typists.
			B)	older typists consistently outperformed the younger typists.
			C)	when older typists could look ahead, they typed as fast as younger typists.
			D)	when the number of characters that the typists could look ahead at was limited, the younger typists slowed considerably.
6		Compared to that of a toddler, a preschooler's ability to pay attention enables her to:
			A)	ignore unimportant but distracting details of a task.
			B)	habituate more quickly to repeated stimulation.
			C)	concentrate on an activity for longer periods.
			D)	pay attention to several things simultaneously.
7		The process by which information gets into memory is:
			A)	encoding.
			B)	automaticity.
			C)	strategy construction.
			D)	metamemory.
8		The ability to process information with little or no effort is:
			A)	encoding.
			B)	automaticity.
			C)	strategy construction.
			D)	metamemory.
9		The ability to concentrate and focus mental resources is:
			A)	encoding.
			B)	reaction time.
			C)	automaticity.
			D)	attention.
10		A police officer visits Brett's class to discuss safety rules. To attract the children's attention, the officer brings colorful balloons and lots of jars of bubbles for the children to blow. Later, Brett tells his parents all about the safety rules the officer gave. Brett obviously paid attention to what was:
			A)	salient.
			B)	relevant.
			C)	habituated.
			D)	dishabituated.
11		Researchers believe that children older than age 6 or 7 become more reflective and less impulsive in their thinking because they learn to pay less attention to what is _______ and more attention to what is_______.
			A)	relevant; salient
			B)	salient; relevant
			C)	dishabituated; habituated
			D)	habituated; dishabituated
12		Performing more than one task at a time is:
			A)	strategy construction.
			B)	working memory.
			C)	divided attention.
			D)	habituation.
13		Andrea shows her baby a colorful block several times. The baby looks carefully at the block at first but then turns her attention to a different toy after seeing the block a few times. The baby is showing:
			A)	memory.
			B)	imitation.
			C)	habituation.
			D)	dishabituation.
14		Habituation involves _______, whereas dishabituation involves _______.
			A)	decreased attention/increased attention
			B)	increased attention/decreased attention
			C)	decreased attention to new stimuli/increased attention to new stimuli
			D)	increased attention to new stimuli/decreased attention to new stimuli
15		Which is an example of dishabituation?
			A)	an infant regains interest in a rattle after having put it down a few minutes earlier
			B)	first being bothered by wearing a new wristwatch, but then getting so used to it that you forget you're wearing it
			C)	realizing that when a jet flies off into the distance it still exists
			D)	a drinker who believes she is not responsible for her actions
16		Jenny's earliest memory is of her baby brother being born when she was 3 1/2 years old. Her inability to remember anything before this is:
			A)	an example of infantile amnesia.
			B)	an example of implicit memory.
			C)	an example of explicit memory.
			D)	a failure of Jenny to encode information before 3 years of age.
17		Carolyn Rovee-Collier (1987) has demonstrated:
			A)	young infants' inability to learn from classical conditioning.
			B)	young infants' inability to learn from operant conditioning.
			C)	how infants can retain sensory information.
			D)	how infants can retain perceptual-motor information.
18		Lorenzo is a normal 4-month-old infant. Thus we would expect him to have:
			A)	both implicit and explicit memory.
			B)	neither implicit nor explicit memory.
			C)	implicit but not explicit memory.
			D)	explicit but not implicit memory.
19		In short-term memory, individuals retain information for up to:
			A)	15 to 30 seconds.
			B)	1 to 2 minutes.
			C)	2 to 3 weeks.
			D)	1 to 2 months.
20		Why does children's memory improve as they get older?
			A)	They have developed better strategies.
			B)	They are given more accurate cues.
			C)	They are less reliant on rehearsal.
			D)	They are more motivated to remember.
21		Which of the following children is MOST likely to be susceptible to misleading suggestions?
			A)	Andrew, a 4-year-old preschooler.
			B)	Brandon, a 6-year-old first grader.
			C)	Carlos, a 12-year-old junior high student.
			D)	Dominic, a 14-year-old second-year high school student.
22		Which memory strategy works best for short-term memory?
			A)	rehearsal
			B)	organization
			C)	elaboration
			D)	personalization
23		At what age are children able to process information at the same speed as adults?
			A)	10 years
			B)	12 years
			C)	15 years
			D)	18 years
24		Memory span increases most rapidly during:
			A)	early childhood.
			B)	middle childhood.
			C)	late childhood.
			D)	adolescence.
25		Which of these methods is the least effective for memorizing new material?
			A)	using mental imagery
			B)	minimizing distractions
			C)	repeating material over and over without elaboration
			D)	organizing material to be learned
26		Working memory is also called:
			A)	implicit memory.
			B)	short-term memory.
			C)	long-term memory.
			D)	semantic memory.
27		_______ memory refers to memory of facts and experiences that individuals know and can state.
			A)	Implicit
			B)	Explicit
			C)	Perceptual
			D)	Working
28		_______ involves thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the evidence.
			A)	Reflection
			B)	Critical thinking
			C)	Use of strategies
			D)	Abstract learning
29		Which type of memory is LEAST likely to be adversely affected by aging?
			A)	implicit
			B)	working
			C)	explicit
			D)	normative
30		Which of the following is MOST helpful in improving memory in middle age?
			A)	Avoid using vivid imagery to keep from becoming distracted.
			B)	Use a recall rather than recognition strategy whenever possible.
			C)	Use an organizational strategy to categorize information to be remembered.
			D)	Avoid using the information to be remembered so it does not become confused with other information.
31		The program "Fostering a Community of Learners" is designed to encourage:
			A)	critical thinking.
			B)	working memory.
			C)	creativity.
			D)	metacognition.
32		Elliott is a student in a school where each of the students takes turns leading small-group discussions. The students discuss complex passages, collaborate, and share their individual expertise and perspectives. This educational process is called:
			A)	cross-teaching.
			B)	reciprocal teaching.
			C)	a Montessori approach.
			D)	team teaching.
33		Annie has the second- highest grade in her class, and Aisha has the highest. This ranking demonstrates the _______ property of numbers.
			A)	cardinal
			B)	ordinal
			C)	numerical
			D)	comparative
34		Children become proficient in counting during:
			A)	infancy.
			B)	toddlerhood.
			C)	early childhood.
			D)	the primary grades.
35		John knows that he has the second highest grade in his class. He understands:
			A)	cardinality.
			B)	ordinality.
			C)	conservation.
			D)	operations.
36		Knowing about knowing is referred to as:
			A)	metamemory.
			B)	first-order cognition.
			C)	metacognition.
			D)	megacognition.
37		Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that distinguishes experts from novices?
			A)	Experts have better problem-solving strategies.
			B)	Experts are more creative and flexible problem solvers.
			C)	Experts are more likely to rely on their accumulated expertise to solve problems.
			D)	Experts have better long-term memories.
38		We could distinguish Stephen, an expert chess player, from Darrell, who is a novice, because Stephen is more likely than Darrel to _______ when determining his moves.
			A)	use his accumulated experience
			B)	process information automatically
			C)	ask a mentor for advice
			D)	use set patterns
39		Jake is only 25 years old but wants to reduce his chance of cognitive impairment when he is older. What can he do now to prepare?
			A)	Eat foods low in fat.
			B)	Do crossword puzzles.
			C)	Engage in aerobic exercise.
			D)	Quit smoking.
40		The fact that older adults benefit from training in mnemonics indicates that they can learn to improve their:
			A)	reasoning skills.
			B)	spatial skills.
			C)	memory skills.
			D)	fluid intelligence.
41		Which of the following is NOT true concerning cognitive processes in older adulthood?
			A)	Older adults experience a decline in their ability to develop and use metacognitive skills.
			B)	Older adults tend to overestimate their daily memory problems.
			C)	Older adults seem to be more aware of their memory failures than younger adults.
			D)	Older adults become more anxious about minor forgetfulness than younger adults.