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| chromosome karyotype somatic FISH amniocentesis chorionic villus sampling fetal cell sorting heterochromatin euchromatin centromere telocentric acrocentric submetacentric metacentric p arm q arm human artificial chromosome linkage cytogenetics recombinant chromosome parental chromosome cis trans linkage mapping crossover frequency marker genome heterogametic sex homogametic sex SRY hemizygous hemophilia X inactivation Barr body color blindness polyploidy euploid aneuploid trisomy Down syndrome monosomy nondisjunction chromosomal mosaic autosomal aneuploid Turner syndrome triplo-X Klinefelter syndrome Jacobs syndrome chromosomal deletion chromosomal duplication chromosomal inversion Cri du chat Robertsonian translocation reciprocal translocation fragile X syndrome |