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| subspecies macroevolution extinction species genus Carolus Linnaeus Ernst Mayr biological species speciation hybrid tree diagram phylogeny monotreme marsupial morphology ecology reproductive isolation mechanism prezygotic postzygotic mechanical isolation ecological (habitat) isolation temporal isolation behavioral isolation gametic isolation chromosomal isolation hybrid inviability hybrid infertility allopatric speciation plate tectonics parapatric speciation ectotone sympatric speciation polyploidy autopolyploid allopolyploid gene duplication gradualism paleontologist George Gaylord Simpson Stephen Jay Gould Niles Eldredge punctuated equilibrium transitional forms stasis bryozoa clade metapopulation background extinction mass extinction impact theory Gondwana Permian Pangaea Panthalassa Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary asteroid microfossil megafauna |