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1

The complete infectious viral particle that can exist outside a cell is called a(n) ____________.
A)icosahedron
B)capsid
C)prion
D)virion
2

What portion is not present in every type of virion?
A)nucleic acid
B)protein coat
C)capsid
D)outer envelope
3

What is the major criterion for classifying viruses?
A)nature of viral genetic material
B)nature of the viral protein coat
C)route of entry into host
D)size and shape of viral capsid
4

What is the first step in viral invasion and takeover of a cell?
A)virion uncoating
B)shielding the receptor site
C)attachment and binding to a receptor
D)virus takes over host cell’s protein synthetic machinery
5

How do virions that infect animal cells manage to evade the host’s immune system?
A)some viruses can inactivate macrophages
B)certain viral genes encode for proteins that help to evade the host’s immune system
C)viruses can carry “self” surface markers of the host cell
D)viruses carry a protective glycoprotein capsule on the outside
6

What is the second stage of viral infection?
A)entry of viral genetic material into target cell
B)shielding the receptor site
C)attachment and binding to a receptor
D)virus takes over host cell’s protein synthetic machinery
7

What occurs during the final stage of virion infection of a cell?
A)virion uncoating
B)shielding the receptor site
C)attachment and binding to a receptor
D)virion takes over host cell’s protein synthetic machinery
8

True or false. The assembly of new virion particles always occurs immediately after entry of virion genetic material into the host cell.
A)True
B)False
9

True or false. Only a very small portion of the human population carries a latent virus.
A)True
B)False
10

True or false. HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, exhibits a unique variation of the lytic cycle.
A)True
B)False
11

True or false. For the most part, all types of organisms suffer from viral infection.
A)True
B)False
12

Part of the reason the Ebola virus is so insidious is because the _____________ is unknown.
A)host
B)reservoir
C)structure
D)All of these are correct.
13

Viruses and viroids spread rapidly throughout plant tissues because they can easily cross ____________ to enter neighboring cells.
A)plasmodesmata
B)phloem
C)mesophyll cells
D)epidermis
14

What is generally true about a zoonosis?
A)rarely affects too many people
B)zoonotic event must recur for a new human case to arise
C)rarely transmitted by human-to-human contact
D)All of these are correct.
15

True or false. Immunodeficiency viruses are known only to infect humans.
A)True
B)False
16

Why is it necessary for humans to be immunized for influenza on an annual basis?
A)the human immune response is active for a short duration only
B)flu viruses undergo rapid mutation
C)viruses are difficult to culture in the lab and do not survive longer than a year
D)vaccines are viable for less than a year
17

When did the human influenza virus arise?
A)4,500 years ago in China
B)in France in 1918
C)in Asia in 1957
D)in 1968 in Hong Kong
18

Highly wound, single strands of RNA lacking capsids that cause plant diseases are ___________.
A)viroids
B)virions
C)prions
D)retroviruses
19

What makes prion-caused diseases unique compared to viral diseases?
A)prions are proteinaceous particles lacking RNA or DNA
B)the disorders may be contracted by eating infected tissue
C)the code for abnormal protein can be inherited
D)All of these are correct.
20

Bacteriophages are viruses that infect ____________.
A)tobacco plants
B)plants in general
C)bacteria
D)animals





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