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| chemistry matter element periodic table atom proton neutron nucleus electron orbital atomic number atomic symbol atomic mass isotope radioactive compound molecule chemical reaction reactants products organic molecule macromolecule molecule mass chemical bonds chemical reactivity energy shell valence shell octet rule hydrocarbons polar nonpolar covalent bond polar covalent bond electronegativity ionic bond ion salt hydrogen bond van der Waals attractions hydrophobic hydrophilic cohesion adhesion imbibition solution solvent solute aqueous solution electrolytes acid basic or alkaline pH buffer system heat capacity heat of vaporization monomer polymer biomolecules organic molecule simple carbohydrate complex carbohydrate dehydration synthesis hydrolysis monosaccharide disaccharide oligosaccharide polysaccharide cellulose chitin starch glycogen lipid glycolipid phospholipid triglyceride glycerol fatty acid saturated unsaturated sterol cholesterol testosterone wax protein amino acid polypeptide carboxyl group amino group R-group side chain peptide bond protein folding conformation primary structure secondary structure tertiary structure quaternary structure disulfide bond peptide backbone motif alpha helix beta-pleated sheet denaturation enzyme catlysis active site substrate extremozymes nucleic acid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ribonucleic acid (RNA) nucleotide phosphate group nitrogenous base double helix gene complementary base pairing ATP |