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| microscopic microbiologist biofilm prokaryote nitrogen fixation Bacteria Archaea culture agar nucleoid plasmid ribosome endospore pathogenic cell wall peptidoglycan Gram stain crystal violet safranin iodine pilus flagellum chemotaxis glycocalyx capsule slime layer cocci bacilli spirilla Staphylococcus Streptococcus E. coli autotroph heterotroph phototroph chemotroph cyanobacteria obligate aerobe obligate anaerobe facultative anaerobe signature sequence Carl Woese extremophile acidophile thermophile halophile Euryarchaeota Crenarchaeota Korachaeota vertical gene transfer horizontal gene transfer binary fission transformation transduction conjugation sex pilus Koch's postulates vector arthropod airborne virulent bioweapons bioremediation |