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| complex carbohydrates simple carbohydrates masticating digestion carnivore frugivore herbivore insectivore omnivore detritivore egested filter feeders deposit feeder digestion heterotrophy cellulose food vacuole intracellular digestion extracellular digestion hydrolytic enzymes digestive system gastrovascular cavity anus crop proventriculus gizzard cloaca rumen cud ruminants cecum arcuate nucleus insulin leptin ghrelin cholecystokinin neuropeptide Y proteins gastrointestinal tract alimentary canal liver gallbladder bile peristalsis salivary glands saliva salivary amylase mastication bolus enamel dentin pulp periodontal ligament cementum crown root pharynx esophagus epiglottis stomach rugae sphincters gastric juice pepsin pepsinogen chime chief cells parietal cells hydrochloric acid gastric pits gastrin gastric ulcers Helicobacter pylori electrolytes pyloric sphincter small intestine duodenum jejunum ileum segmentation trypsin chymotrypsin lipase bile emulsifies pancreatic amylase lactase lactose lactose intolerance nucleosidases secretin cholecystokinin (CCK) villi microvilli lacteals M cells large intestine colon cecum appendix intestinal flora rectum anal canal anus smooth-muscle sphincter skeletal-muscle sphincter gallstones jaundice macronutrients micronutrients vitamins essential nutrients kilocalories (kcal) bomb calorimetry marasmus kwashiorkor anorexia nervosa |