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| biomes aquatic ecosystems latitude longitude hemisphere air cell doldrums westerlies easterlies humus tropical rain forest vertical stratification epiphytes forest canopy tropical dry forests tropical savannah desert succulent perennials salt flat halophyte temperate grassland prairie remnants temperate forest deciduous coniferous taiga tundra permafrost littoral zone limnetic zone profundal zone benthic zone thermal stratification fall turnover spring turnover oligotrophic eutrophic riffle rapids estuary brackish salinity mangrove swamp intertidal zone coral reef upwelling phytoplankton bloom neritic zone oceanic zone benthic zone pelagic zone epipelagic zone mesopelagic zone bathypelagic zone abyssal zone hadal zone |