| abnormal behavior | Behavior that is deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful. p. 393
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| agoraphobia | A cluster of fears centered around public places and being unable to escape or to find help should one become incapacitated. p. 401
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| anxiety disorders | Psychological disorders that include these features: motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts. p. 400
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| bipolar disorder | A mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania. p. 412
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| catatonic schizophrenia | A type of schizophrenia that is characterized by bizarre motor behavior, which sometimes takes the form of a completely immobile stupor. p. 422
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| depressive disorders | Mood disorders in which the individual suffers depression without ever experiencing mania. p. 411
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| disorganized schizophrenia | A type of schizophrenia in which an individual has delusions and hallucinations that have little or no recognizable meaning. p. 421
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| dissociative amnesia | A dissociative disorder involving extreme memory loss caused by extensive psychological stress. p. 408
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| dissociative disorders | Psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity. p. 408
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| dissociative fugue | A dissociative disorder in which the individual not only develops amnesia but also unexpectedly travels away from home and establishes a new identity. p. 409
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| dissociative identity disorder (DID) | Formerly called multiple personality disorder, this is the most dramatic but least common dissociative disorder; individuals suffering from this disorder have two or more distinct personalities. p. 409
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| DSM-IV | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition; the APA's major classification of psychological disorders. p. 396
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| dysthymic disorder | A depressive disorder that is generally more chronic and has fewer symptoms than major depressive disorder. p. 411
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| etiology | The causes or significant antecedents of a disorder. p. 401
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| generalized anxiety disorder | An anxiety disorder that consists of persistent anxiety over at least 1 month; the individual with this disorder cannot specify the reasons for the anxiety. p. 401
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| learned helplessness | Occurs when individuals are exposed to aversive stimulation, such as prolonged stress, over which they have no control. The inability to avoid such aversive stimulation can produce an apathetic state of helplessness. p. 415
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| major depressive disorder | Indicated by a major depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, lasting at least 2 weeks. p. 411
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| medical model | A biological approach that describes psychological disorders as medical diseases with a biological origin. p. 394
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| obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) | An anxiety disorder; the individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away (obsession) and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation (compulsion). p. 404
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| panic disorder | An anxiety disorder marked by the recurrent sudden onset of intense apprehension or terror. p. 401
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| paranoid schizophrenia | A type of schizophrenia that is characterized by delusions of reference, grandeur, and persecution. p. 422
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| personality disorders | Chronic, maladap-tive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are thoroughly integrated into the individual's personality. p. 425
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| post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | An anxiety disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event, severely oppressive situations, severe abuse, and natural and unnatural disasters. p. 406
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| schizophrenia | A severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered thought processes. p. 420
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| undifferentiated schizophrenia | A type of schizophrenia that is characterized by disorganized behavior, hallucinations, delusions, and incoherence. p. 422
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