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activation-synthesis theory  States that dreaming occurs when the cerebral cortex synthesizes neural signals emanating from activity in the lower part of the brain. p. 245
addiction  A pattern of behavior characterized by an overwhelming need to use the drug and to secure its supply. p. 261
alcoholism  A disorder that involves long-term, repeated, uncontrolled, compulsive, and excessive use of alcoholic beverages and that impairs the drinker's health and work and social relationships. p. 254
automatic processes  States of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities. p. 229
barbiturates  Depressant drugs that decrease the activity of the central nervous system. p. 255
biological rhythms  Periodic physiological fluctuations in the body. p. 233
circadian rhythms  Daily behavioral or physiological cycles, such as the sleep/wake cycle. p. 233
cognitive theory of dreaming  Proposes that dreaming can be understood by relying on the same cognitive processes that are used in studying the waking mind. p. 244
consciousness  Awareness of external events and internal sensations, including awareness of the self and thoughts about one's experiences. p. 228
controlled processes  The most alert states of consciousness. p. 229
depressants  Psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity. p. 252
disease model of addiction  Describes addictions as biologically based, lifelong diseases that involve a loss of control over behavior and require medical and/or spiritual treatment for recovery. p. 261
hallucinogens  Psychoactive drugs that modify a person's perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real. p. 258
hypnosis  A psychological state or possibly altered attention and awareness in which the individual is unusually responsive to suggestions. p. 246
latent content  In Freud's view, the dream's hidden content; its unconscious meaning. p. 244
manifest content  In Freud's view, the dream's surface content, which contains symbols that distort and disguise the dream's true meaning. p. 244
opiates  Opium and its derivatives; they depress the central nervous system's activity. p. 44
physical dependence  The physical need for a drug, accompanied by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued. p. 251
psychoactive drugs  Drugs that act on the nervous system to alter consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods. p. 249
psychological dependence  The strong desire and craving to repeat the use of the drug for emotional reasons. p. 251
REM sleep  Rapid-eye-movement sleep; stage 5 of sleep, in which most dreaming occurs. p. 236
social cognitive behavior view of hypnosis  Views hypnosis as a result of social factors associated with the hypnotic context, coupled with cognitive events involved in the efforts of the hypnotized person to immerse himself or herself in the role of the hypnotized person. p. 248
stimulants  Psychoactive drugs that increase the central nervous system's activity. p. 256
stream of consciousness  James' concept that the mind is a continuous flow of sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings. p. 8
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)  A small structure in the hypothalamus that registers changes in light. p. 233
tolerance  The need to take increasing amounts of the drug to produce the same effect. p. 251
tranquilizers  Depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and induce relaxation. p. 255
unconscious thought  Freud's concept of a reservoir of unacceptable wishes, feelings, and thoughts that are beyond conscious awareness. p. 231
wish fulfillment  Freud's concept of dreaming as an unconscious attempt to fulfill needs (especially for sex and aggression) that cannot be expressed, or that go ungratified, while awake. p. 244







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