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| 1 | |
The scientific method involves systematic observation, adhering to strict rules of evidence, and |
| | A) | thinking critically about the evidence. |
| | B) | relying solely on experimental findings. |
| | C) | being more skeptical than open to new evidence. |
| | D) | publishing the research findings. |
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| 2 | |
Jose and his research group are studying the effects of acculturation on first graders. It is important to clarify what they mean by "acculturation," that is, they need a specific __________ for the term. |
| | A) | operational definition |
| | B) | operational measure |
| | C) | empirical definition |
| | D) | theoretical framework |
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| 3 | |
A tentative explanation of facts and relationships in sciences is called a(n) |
| | A) | theory. |
| | B) | operational definition |
| | C) | maxim. |
| | D) | hypothesis. |
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| 4 | |
Clara hoped that other researchers would be able to get the same results she did in her experiment, which would provide more support for her findings. Therefore, she was extremely careful in laying out the steps of her research project so that, in scientific terms, the other researchers could __________ her study. |
| | A) | validate |
| | B) | repeat |
| | C) | prove |
| | D) | replicate |
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| 5 | |
Surveys, naturalistic observations, and clinical studies represent which type of scientific inquiry? |
| | A) | statistical studies |
| | B) | inferential studies |
| | C) | formal research |
| | D) | descriptive studies |
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| 6 | |
The main advantage of the survey method is that |
| | A) | questions can be worded in many different ways without affecting how participants respond. |
| | B) | most survey samples are representative of the population being studied. |
| | C) | survey respondents are more likely than participants in other types of research to give honest input. |
| | D) | it allows a lot of information to be gathered in a relatively short period of time. |
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| 7 | |
When anthropologist Jane Goodall studied chimpanzees in Africa, she carefully watched and recorded their behavior. She used which research method? |
| | A) | correlational studies |
| | B) | naturalistic observation |
| | C) | participant observation |
| | D) | clinical studies |
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| 8 | |
Which correlation coefficient shows the strongest relationship between two variables? |
| | A) | -.85 |
| | B) | +.80 |
| | C) | 0.00 |
| | D) | +.15 |
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| 9 | |
Yeh has found that when she spends a lot of time going to the movies with her friends, she does not do well in school. This demonstrates a |
| | A) | negative correlation. |
| | B) | positive correlation. |
| | C) | cause-and-effect relationship. |
| | D) | functional relationship. |
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| 10 | |
Uri wants to find the best way to draw conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships. Which research method should he use? |
| | A) | clinical study |
| | B) | formal experiment |
| | C) | correlation |
| | D) | survey |
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| 11 | |
Before playing floor hockey, 200 boys viewed a highly violent film and 200 other boys viewed a nonviolent film. When all of the boys later played hockey, observers counted the number of aggressive acts performed by each boy. The dependent variable in this experiment is the |
| | A) | type of film the boys watched. |
| | B) | aggressive behavior of the boys. |
| | C) | nonviolent film. |
| | D) | violent film. |
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| 12 | |
Before playing floor hockey, 200 boys viewed a highly violent film and 200 other boys viewed a nonviolent film. When all of the boys later played hockey, observers counted the number of aggressive acts performed by each boy. The boys in this experiment who viewed the violent film were in the |
| | A) | control group. |
| | B) | placebo group. |
| | C) | randomly assigned group. |
| | D) | experimental group. |
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| 13 | |
Sadie participated in a study designed to test the effectiveness of a medication for phobias. Half of the participants received a pill containing the real medication and the other half received a pill that did not contain the medication. Those who did not receive the real medication were given a |
| | A) | placebo. |
| | B) | control. |
| | C) | double blind medication. |
| | D) | blind medication. |
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| 14 | |
A study looked at the average age of 100 women when they gave birth to their first child. The most common age of these women was 28; this number is known as the |
| | A) | median. |
| | B) | mean. |
| | C) | mode. |
| | D) | normative. |
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| 15 | |
Two issues to remember when interpreting tests of statistical significance are that statistical significance does not equal practical significance, and that statistical significance is more likely to be found when |
| | A) | the size of the sample is small, rather than large. |
| | B) | research participants have been randomly selected. |
| | C) | research participants have been randomly assigned. |
| | D) | the size of the sample is large, rather than small. |
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| 16 | |
APA ethical guidelines concerning research allow deception in aspects of the study that do not influence the decision to participate. What is the other condition concerning deception in research? |
| | A) | Deception is acceptable if it does not involve any form of coercion. |
| | B) | Although the nature of the deception does not ever need to be revealed, participants have a right to know the results of the study. |
| | C) | Participants may not be deceived in any other way. |
| | D) | The nature of the deception must be revealed to participants after their participation in the experiment. |
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| 17 | |
Which statement concerning the American Psychological Association's ethical guidelines concerning the use of nonhuman animals for research is correct? |
| | A) | Such research is considered ethical only under extreme situations. |
| | B) | Such research is necessary because the findings always provide information that helps us understand human behavior and mental processes. |
| | C) | Such research is ethical when it significantly advances the understanding of behavior and mental processes, assuming the animals are cared for properly and treated humanely. |
| | D) | Such research has few limitations with regard to nonhuman animals; the ethical guidelines only apply to human research participants. |
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| 18 | |
Why is it important for research to involve human subjects of both sexes and members of different racial and cultural groups? |
| | A) | It's not really necessary because we already know that there are more similarities than differences between the sexes and among the different racial and cultural groups. |
| | B) | While no one knows for sure that it is important, NIH's rule that research must involve diverse groups may help us discover if differences do exist among these groups. |
| | C) | Research has already shown that there are more differences than similarities between the sexes. |
| | D) | Research has already shown that there are more differences than similarities between racial and cultural groups. |
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| 19 | |
A consistent problem that has limited the generalizability of research findings in the past has been that |
| | A) | researchers have not been able to develop adequate measures for assessing gender differences and differences among racial and cultural groups. |
| | B) | the increasing homogenization of humanity has made it difficult to learn about cultural differences around the world. |
| | C) | for decades, research has been conducted mostly by white men using white males as research participants. |
| | D) | for over a hundred years, research has been conducted mostly by white men using white females as research participants. |
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