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| 1 | |
The bundle of long nerves that runs from the brain through the spine is called the |
| | A) | nervous system. |
| | B) | neurotransmitters. |
| | C) | spinal cord. |
| | D) | endocrine system. |
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| 2 | |
The individual nerve cells that are the most important unit of the nervous system are called |
| | A) | basal cells. |
| | B) | neurons. |
| | C) | glial cells. |
| | D) | brain cells. |
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| 3 | |
Small branches that extend from a neuron and receive messages from other neurons are the |
| | A) | nerves. |
| | B) | cell body. |
| | C) | dendrites. |
| | D) | axons. |
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| 4 | |
In terms of chemical content, the fluid on the outside of neurons is similar to |
| | A) | drinking water. |
| | B) | distilled water. |
| | C) | the chlorinated water in a backyard swimming pool. |
| | D) | seawater. |
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| 5 | |
Neural transmission operates according to the all-or-none principle, meaning that |
| | A) | a small amount of depolarization will not affect the neuron. |
| | B) | any amount of depolarization will affect the neuron. |
| | C) | any amount of polarization will affect the neuron. |
| | D) | a small amount of polarization will affect the neuron. |
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| 6 | |
The myelin sheath has two functions. One is to insulate axons, the other is to |
| | A) | block transmission of selected neural messages. |
| | B) | stimulate action potentials. |
| | C) | increase the speed at which neural impulses are transmitted. |
| | D) | slow transmission of neural messages. |
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| 7 | |
Neural messages are carried across the synaptic gap by chemical substances called |
| | A) | neurotransmitters. |
| | B) | synaptic knobs. |
| | C) | neurons. |
| | D) | endorphins. |
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| 8 | |
Anita is having a hard time waking up in the morning. She also is depressed. Which neurotransmitter would be most closely related to her symptoms? |
| | A) | Norepinephrine |
| | B) | Serotonin |
| | C) | Dopamine |
| | D) | Glutamate |
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| 9 | |
Glial cells surround neurons and transport nutrients from blood vessels to neurons. Researchers have recently learned that glial cells also |
| | A) | act as the major excitatory cells in the central nervous system. |
| | B) | are involved in the control of large muscle movements. |
| | C) | influence the transmission of messages from one neuron to another cross synaptic gaps. |
| | D) | regulate sleep cycles and dreaming. |
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| 10 | |
The __________ consists of the brain and the spinal cord. |
| | A) | central nervous system |
| | B) | somatic nervous system |
| | C) | peripheral nervous system |
| | D) | autonomic nervous system |
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| 11 | |
The autonomic nervous system plays a role in essential body functions, such as breathing and digestion. It also plays an important role in |
| | A) | voluntary muscle movements. |
| | B) | cognitive processing. |
| | C) | reflexive behavior. |
| | D) | emotion. |
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| 12 | |
The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body to respond to psychological or physical stress. Which of the following would be a function of the sympathetic nervous system? |
| | A) | inhibiting the digestive tract |
| | B) | releasing bile from the liver to aid digestion of fats |
| | C) | increasing salivation |
| | D) | constricting the pupils of the eyes |
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| 13 | |
Which part of the brain has the primary responsibility of performing routine "housekeeping" functions that keep the body working properly? |
| | A) | the cerebral cortex |
| | B) | the midbrain |
| | C) | the hindbrain |
| | D) | the forebrain |
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| 14 | |
Which portion of the brain acts as a switching station for messages going to and from the brain? |
| | A) | the thalamus |
| | B) | the hypothalamus |
| | C) | the amygdala |
| | D) | the hippocampus |
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| 15 | |
Paul had a stroke and now suffers from expressive aphasia—he understands what is said to him, but has difficulty speaking. Paul most likely has had damage to what area of his brain? |
| | A) | Wernicke's area |
| | B) | the occipital lobe |
| | C) | the left parietal lobe |
| | D) | Broca's area |
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| 16 | |
Which technique creates visual images of the anatomy of the brain? |
| | A) | Positron emission tomography (PET scans) |
| | B) | X-rays |
| | C) | Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
| | D) | Electroencephalogram (EEG) |
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| 17 | |
For most people, which area of the brain exercises the greatest control over language, such as analyzing logical verbal information? |
| | A) | The cerebellum |
| | B) | The left cerebral hemisphere |
| | C) | The right cerebral hemisphere |
| | D) | The corpus callosum |
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| 18 | |
Neuroimaging studies of the brain have shown that |
| | A) | new neurons no longer develop in the brain once adulthood has been reached. |
| | B) | neural pruning decreases the efficiency of neural systems by eliminating brain cells. |
| | C) | from childhood to middle age, white matter increases in the cerebral cortex while gray matter decreases. |
| | D) | from childhood to middle age, gray matter increases in the cerebral cortex while white matter decreases. |
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| 19 | |
The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete two kinds of chemical messengers: neuropeptides and |
| | A) | dopamine. |
| | B) | serotonin. |
| | C) | hormones. |
| | D) | endorphins. |
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| 20 | |
The adrenal glands secrete hormones that play an important role in reactions to stress. Which hormone is also important in the regulation of immunity to disease? |
| | A) | norepinephrine |
| | B) | adrenaline |
| | C) | epinephrine |
| | D) | cortisol |
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| 21 | |
Andrew, who is four years old, has a rare disease caused by a serious thyroid deficiency. His symptoms include sluggishness, poor muscle tone, and mental retardation. Andrew most likely suffers from |
| | A) | Down syndrome. |
| | B) | fetal alcohol syndrome. |
| | C) | cretinism. |
| | D) | hyperthyroidism. |
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| 22 | |
When studying the influence of heredity on psychological characteristics, researchers have found that |
| | A) | both twin studies and adoption studies support a stronger role for life experience than for heredity. |
| | B) | twin studies demonstrate a strong role for heredity, but adoption studies do not support those findings. |
| | C) | adoption studies demonstrate a strong role for heredity, but twin studies do not support those findings. |
| | D) | both twin studies and adoption studies support a strong role for heredity, but life experience also plays an important role. |
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| 23 | |
Which theory of schizophrenia suggests that schizophrenia is most likely to occur in persons with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia who experience some form of complication during pregnancy? |
| | A) | diathesis-stress theory |
| | B) | the double strike theory |
| | C) | the dopamine hypothesis |
| | D) | abnormal brain structure theory |
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