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| 1 | |
Dr. Ian Wilmut fused 277 sheep udder-cells with an equal number of sheep eggs. Twenty-nine of the eggs developed into embryos, which Dr. Wilmut implanted into other sheep (surrogate mothers). Thirteen became pregnant; of these, one carried the pregnancy to term and gave birth to a live lamb, Dolly. So cloning does produce new lambs. But since pregnant animals usually proceed to live birth in two-thirds of all cases (once embryos have been implanted in the uterus), the last step of this process seems to be plagued by an as yet undetermined impediment. |
| | A) | Controlled cause-to-effect experiment |
| | B) | Nonexperimental cause-to-effect study |
| | C) | Nonexperimental effect-to-cause study |
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| 2 | |
Our study looked at 310 residents of Roanoke, Virginia. About 70 percent favored the use of the death penalty in at least some cases; the other 30 percent opposed its use under any circumstances. Among women who had undergone an abortion, only 5 percent opposed the death penalty in all cases, whereas 23 percent of women who had not had an abortion opposed it. So either women who value life less in the first place are more likely to have abortions, or women who have abortions come to value life less as a result of the experience. |
| | A) | Controlled cause-to-effect experiment |
| | B) | Nonexperimental cause-to-effect study |
| | C) | Nonexperimental effect-to-cause study |
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| 3 | |
Before birth, the fetus hears the mother's heartbeat at a volume of about 95 decibels. Do newborns feel comforted by a comparably loud heartbeat in the hospital nursery? To test this hypothesis, researchers at a hospital near New York's LaGuardia airport played a heartbeat at 85 decibels, and found that the infants cried less and gained more weight when the heartbeat was played than when it was not. (Lee Salk, Scientific American 1973) |
| | A) | Controlled cause-to-effect experiment |
| | B) | Nonexperimental cause-to-effect study |
| | C) | Nonexperimental effect-to-cause study |
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| 4 | |
"Macfarlane tested whether a newborn would discriminate between, on the one hand, the smell of his mother and her milk, and, on the other hand, the smell of another mother and her milk. The smells came from gauze pads that the mothers had kept within their brassieres to absorb any milk seeping out. Along one side of the baby's face, Macfarlane draped a pad from the baby's mother; along the other side he draped a pad from another mother. Thirty-two two-day-olds showed no sign of discriminating one pad from the other: roughly half of them turned toward each pad. However, more than two-thirds of the six-day-olds he tested turned toward their mother's pad, as did more than three-fourths of the eight- to ten-day-olds. Young babies prefer the familiar to the unfamiliar: here they recognized their mother's odor, and turned toward it." (Daphne Maurer and Charles Maurer, The World of the Newborn) |
| | A) | Controlled cause-to-effect experiment |
| | B) | Nonexperimental cause-to-effect study |
| | C) | Nonexperimental effect-to-cause study |
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