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Patterns and Causal Claims Quiz
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1
Which of the following statements is most accurate?
A)Common thread reasoning is best suited as a method for forming hypotheses to be tested in some other way, such as an experiment involving relevant difference reasoning.
B)Due to their similarities, both of the other options here could be true.
C)Relevant difference reasoning is best suited as a method for forming hypotheses to be tested in some other way, such as an experiment involving common thread reasoning.
2
Which of the following is the best definition for the word "relevant" as it applies to differences and common threads considered in causal arguments?
A)If something is relevant, there is clear evidence to show how it caused the feature in question.
B)If something is relevant it is impossible to suppose that anything besides 'it' could have caused the feature in question.
C)If something is relevant it is not unreasonable to suppose that it might have caused the feature in question.
3
Which of the following best describes a controlled cause-to-effect experiment?
A)It is an experiment where a random sample of the target population is itself randomly divided into two groups, an experimental and a control.
B)It is an experiment where the causal factor is applied in a controlled manner to one group and in an uncontrolled manner to the other group.
C)It is an experiment where a sample of the target population is intentionally exposed to the causal factor in question.
D)It is an experiment where records are kept.
4
Which of the following best differentiates between the experimental and the control groups of an experiment?
A)The control group is exposed to the suspected causal factor while the experimental group is not.
B)The experimental group is exposed to the suspected causal factor while the control group is not.
C)The only relevant difference is the name. The groups simply serve as two samples in the same experiment.
D)While being exposed to a suspected causal agent, the experimental group is unrestrained while the control group is restrained.
5
When the difference in frequency of the effect between the experimental and control groups is said to be statistically significant, a scientist means which of the following?
A)The difference in frequency is at least fifty percent.
B)The difference is such that it is unreasonable to conclude that it is due simply to random chance.
C)The difference is at least .05 percent.
D)The difference is significant enough to publish.
6
Which of the following best differentiates between a controlled cause-to-effect experiment and a nonexperimental cause-to-effect study?
A)The experimental study is looking for a suspected cause while the nonexperimental study is looking for the effect.
B)In the nonexperimental study the researchers are the ones intentionally exposing members of the target population to the suspected causal agent while in the experimental study they aren't.
C)In the experimental study the researchers are the ones intentionally exposing members of the target population to the suspected causal agent while in the nonexperimental study they aren't.
D)They are two names for the same thing.





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