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40.1 Chemical Senses
  • Chemoreceptors are almost universally found in animals for sensing chemical substances in food, liquids, and air.
  • Human taste buds and olfactory cells are chemoreceptors that respond to chemicals in food and the air respectively.
  1. What is believed to be the most primitive sense and why?
    Answer
  2. What are the four primary types of taste in humans?
    Answer
  3. True or false: Each olfactory cell contains about 1,000 different receptor proteins.
    Answer
 Essential Study Partner Summaries of major points
  1. Receptors...
  2. Chemoreceptors...
  3. Sense of taste
  4. Sense of smell
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40.2 Sense of vision
  • The eye of arthropods is a compound eye made up of many individual units; the human eye is a camera-type eye with a single lens.
  • Photoreceptors contain visual pigments that respond to light rays.
  • In the human eye, the rods work in minimal light and detect motion; the cones require bright light and detect color.
  • A great deal of integration occurs in the retina of the human eye before nerve impulses are sent to the brain.
  1. What type of receptors detect light waves?
    Answer
  2. Where are rods and cones located in the human eye and what type of vision is each responsible for?
    Answer
  3. What part of the human eye is responsible for focus?
    Answer
  4. What visual pigments are present in human photoreceptors and what molecules are they made up of?
    Answer
  5. What is the "blind spot" of the retina?
    Answer
 Essential Study Partner Summaries of major points
  1. Animals lacking photoreceptors...
  2. Photoreceptors vary in complexity
  3. The human eye
  4. Focusing the eye
  5. Photoreceptors of the eye
  6. Integration of visual signals in the retina
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40.3 Sense of hearing and balance
  • The inner ear of humans contains mechanoreceptors for a sense of balance and for hearing.
  • The mechanorecptors for hearing are hair cells in the cochlea of the inner ear, which respond to pressure waves.
  • The mechanoreceptors for balance are hair cells in the vestibule and semicircular canals of the inner ear, which respond to the tilt of the head and the movement of the body, respectively.
  1. What are the two sensory functions of the ear?
    Answer
  2. What is the first structure encountered by sound waves entering the human ear?
    Answer
  3. What part of the ear is sensitive to different wave frequencies?
    Answer
  4. What part of the ear detects rotational movements and what part detects vertical or horizontal movements?
    Answer
  5. What system do fish use to detect pressure wave movements in the water?
    Answer
 Essential Study Partner Summaries of major points
  1. Anatomy of the ear
  2. Process of hearing
  3. Sense of balance
  4. Other sensory receptors
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