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42.1 Chemical signals
  • In general, there are three types of chemical signals, and hormones are one of these types.
  • Hormones influence the metabolism of their target cells.
  1. What are pheromones?
    Answer
  2. What are hormones and how do they reach the cells on which they act?
    Answer
  3. What type of molecule are steroid hormones?
    Answer
  4. Where in a target cell are the receptors for steroid and peptide hormones found?
    Answer
 Essential Study Partner Summaries of major points
  1. Categories of signals
  2. Action of hormones
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42.2 Human endocrine system
  • The hypothalamus controls the function of the pituitary gland, which in turn controls several other glands.
  • The parathyroid glands are embedded in the thyroid but have an entirely separate structure and function.
  • The thyroid produces two hormones that speed metabolism and another that lowers the blood calcium level. The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that raises the blood calcium level.
  • The adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex are separate parts of the adrenal glands that have functions in relation to stress.
  • The pancreas secretes hormones that help control the blood glucose level.
  • Diabetes mellitus occurs when cells are unable to take up glucose and it spills over into the urine.
  • The gonads produce the sex hormones that control secondary sexual characteristics.
  1. What is the major difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
    Answer
  2. What hormones are produced by the hypothalamus?
    Answer
  3. What is the function of growth hormone and where is it produced?
    Answer
  4. What is the function of thyroid hormones?
    Answer
  5. What are the short-term effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
    Answer
  6. What two hormones are secreted by the pancreas that maintain blood glucose levels?
    Answer
  7. What are the male and female sex hormones, where are each produced and are they steroid or peptide hormones?
    Answer
 Essential Study Partner Summaries of major points
  1. Endocrine glands
  2. Hypothalamus and pituitary gland
  3. Thyroid glands
  4. Parathyroid glands
  5. Adrenal glands
  6. Adrenal medulla
  7. Adrenal cortex
  8. Malfunction of the adrenal cortex
  9. Pancreas
  10. Diabetes mellitus
  11. Testes and ovaries
  12. Thymus gland
  13. Pineal gland
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