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| 1 | |
Both the nervous and endocrine systems use chemical signals to regulate activities of body systems. The signals of the nervous system are __________, while those of the endocrine system are __________. Both systems rely on __________ feedback to control their activities. |
| | A) | the faster of the two; slower; negative |
| | B) | the slower of the two; faster; negative |
| | C) | the faster of the two; slower; positive |
| | D) | the slower of the two; faster; positive |
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| 2 | |
The chemical signals of the nervous system are called __________; the chemical signals of the endocrine system are called __________, which include __________ varieties. |
| | A) | hormones; neurotransmitters; excitatory and inhibitory |
| | B) | neurotransmitters; hormones; excitatory and inhibitory |
| | C) | hormones; neurotransmitters; peptide and steroid |
| | D) | neurotransmitters; hormones; peptide and steroid |
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| 3 | |
The adrenal glands are located __________ and function to ___________. |
| | A) | between the kidneys; respond to stress by secreting epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids |
| | B) | in the brain; produce melatonin, which regulates biorhythms |
| | C) | atop each kidney; respond to stress by secreting epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids |
| | D) | in the neck; regulate metabolism |
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| 4 | |
The thyroid and parathyroid glands are located ________ and function to __________. |
| | A) | between the kidneys; respond to stress by secreting epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids |
| | B) | in the brain; produce melatonin, which regulates biorhythms |
| | C) | atop each kidney; respond to stress by secreting epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids |
| | D) | in the neck; regulate metabolism |
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| 5 | |
Receptors for peptide hormones are found __________ of a target cell. |
| | A) | in the DNA receptor complex |
| | B) | in peptide chains |
| | C) | on the nuclear envelope |
| | D) | on the plasma membrane |
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| 6 | |
Receptors for steroid hormones are found ________ of a target cell. |
| | A) | on the plasma membrane |
| | B) | in the nucleus or cytoplasm |
| | C) | in the ribosomes |
| | D) | on the nuclear envelope |
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| 7 | |
Peptide hormones influence cellular metabolism by __________; steroid hormones influence cellular metabolism by __________. |
| | A) | serving as first messengers, which activate enzymes that serve to set cellular machinery in motion; leading to the activation of transcription of certain genes |
| | B) | leading to the activation of transcription of certain genes; serving as first messengers, which activate enzymes that serve to set cellular machinery in motion |
| | C) | serving as first messengers, which activate the transcription of certain genes; leading to the activation of enzymes that serve to set cellular machinery in motion |
| | D) | destruction of specific DNA; degrading macromolecules |
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| 8 | |
The posterior pituitary stores and secretes __________, which causes water to be reabsorbed when blood is too concentrated, and __________, which causes uterine contraction during childbirth and milk letdown while a baby is nursing. Both of these hormones are produced in the hypothalamus. |
| | A) | growth hormone; gonadotropin-releasing hormone |
| | B) | testosterone; estrogen |
| | C) | insulin; adrenaline |
| | D) | ADH; oxytocin |
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| 9 | |
Which of the following are hormones produced by the anterior pituitary, which have a direct influence on the body, rather than triggering another gland? |
| | A) | thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and gonadotropic hormones |
| | B) | growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) |
| | C) | testosterone and estrogen |
| | D) | luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and progesterone |
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| 10 | |
The __________ controls the anterior pituitary, which secretes several tropic hormones that, in turn, influence the activity of other endocrine glands including the __________. |
| | A) | posterior pituitary; adrenal glands |
| | B) | pineal gland; pancreas and posterior pituitary |
| | C) | hypothalamus; thyroid, adrenal cortex, and gonads |
| | D) | thymus; posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus |
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| 11 | |
Growth hormone |
| | A) | plays a role in carbohydrate and fat metabolism. |
| | B) | is present at the highest levels during adulthood. |
| | C) | increases the metabolic rate of all cells. |
| | D) | promotes skeletal and muscular growth. |
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| 12 | |
Overproduction of growth hormone during adulthood results in continued growth of the feet, hands, and face, a condition called __________. |
| | A) | acromegaly |
| | B) | gigantism |
| | C) | dwarfism |
| | D) | goiter |
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| 13 | |
The hormones secreted by the thyroid and parathyroid glands |
| | A) | stimulate target cells to increase their cellular metabolism. |
| | B) | respond to short-term stress. |
| | C) | respond to long-term stress. |
| | D) | stimulate all cells, increasing their metabolic rate. |
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| 14 | |
Lack of iodine results in an inability of the thyroid to produce its hormones, which causes __________. Overproduction of thyroid hormones results in __________, characterized by protrusion of the eyes, nervousness, irritability, and insomnia. |
| | A) | Graves disease; Cushing syndrome |
| | B) | simple goiter; Graves disease |
| | C) | Cushing syndrome; simple goiter |
| | D) | diabetes; myxedema |
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| 15 | |
Aldosterone plays a vital role in |
| | A) | pH balance and blood volume. |
| | B) | absorption of potassium and secretion of sodium in the kidneys. |
| | C) | water-salt balance and blood pressure. |
| | D) | sparing glucose. |
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| 16 | |
Cortisol __________ blood glucose level, __________ the inflammatory response, and suppresses the body’s immune system at high levels. This hormone can help to offset low blood sugar and relieve pain and swelling. |
| | A) | decreases; aids in |
| | B) | increases; aids in |
| | C) | decreases; counteracts |
| | D) | increases; counteracts |
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| 17 | |
The pancreas secretes two hormones to help regulate blood glucose, keeping it at a fairly constant level. __________ is secreted when blood glucose is high and targets _________. __________ is secreted with blood glucose is low, and targets __________. |
| | A) | Insulin; all cells; glucagon; the liver and adipose tissue |
| | B) | Insulin; the liver and adipose tissue; glucagon; all cells |
| | C) | glucagon; all cells; insulin; the liver and adipose tissue |
| | D) | glucagon; the liver and adipose tissue; insulin; all cells |
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| 18 | |
In type I diabetes, the pancreas __________ because the pancreatic islets have been killed off. In type II diabetes, the pancreas __________ and the cells are resistant to insulin. Both types of the disease result in __________ blood sugar that must be regulated. |
| | A) | doesn’t secrete enough insulin; fails to secrete insulin; high |
| | B) | doesn’t secrete enough insulin; fails to secrete insulin; low |
| | C) | fails to secrete insulin; doesn’t secrete enough insulin; low |
| | D) | fails to secrete insulin; doesn’t secrete enough insulin; high |
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| 19 | |
The pineal gland produces melatonin |
| | A) | primarily early in the morning. |
| | B) | primarily at night. |
| | C) | evenly throughout the day. |
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| 20 | |
In addition to regulating the sleep-wake cycle, melatonin also |
| | A) | regulates hunger and thirst. |
| | B) | initiates production of thyroid hormones. |
| | C) | regulates sexual development. |
| | D) | contributes to blood pressure regulation. |
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