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| 1 | |
__________ reproduction has the advantage of rapid reproduction, which can colonize a favorable environment quickly. __________ reproduction has the advantage of producing an individual that is different from either parent, resulting from the combination of __________ from each parent. |
| | A) | asexual; sexual; zygotes |
| | B) | sexual; asexual; zygotes |
| | C) | sexual; asexual; gametes |
| | D) | asexual; sexual; gametes |
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| 2 | |
Reproduction in water generally means __________ fertilization, and is often accompanied by an immature __________ stage in the life cycle. Reproduction on land is generally accomplished via __________ fertilization; some animals that reproduce this way lay eggs, others retain their developing young in a pouch, and some have a placenta. |
| | A) | external; larval; internal |
| | B) | internal; larval; external |
| | C) | external; juvenile; internal |
| | D) | internal; juvenile; external |
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| 3 | |
The human male reproductive organs include the testes, which lie within the __________ and produce sperm, as well as the penis, which functions to deliver sperm to the female. The penis becomes erect during sexual arousal as a result of __________. |
| | A) | abdominal cavity; increased secretion of lymph into the spongy tissue |
| | B) | prostate gland; muscle flexion of the penile muscles |
| | C) | ejaculatory duct; pressure exerted by semen on the vas deferens and testes |
| | D) | scrotum; an increase in arterial blood flow into the organ |
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| 4 | |
The testes are each composed of compartments called lobules, each of which houses one to three __________, which are packed with cells that are producing sperm, a process called spermatogenesis. |
| | A) | prostate glands |
| | B) | seminiferous tubules |
| | C) | bulborethral glands |
| | D) | seminal vesicles |
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| 5 | |
Testosterone, the main sex hormone in males, influences which of the following? |
| | A) | proper functioning of the sex organs |
| | B) | maturation of sperm |
| | C) | Testosterone influences all of these |
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| 6 | |
The ovaries, which house the female gametes, lie in the __________ cavity. Fertilization, when it occurs, usually takes place __________. |
| | A) | upper abdominal; within the ovaries |
| | B) | lower thoracic; in the uterus |
| | C) | scrotal; in the vagina |
| | D) | upper pelvic; in an oviduct |
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| 7 | |
The narrow end of the uterus, which leads to the vagina is called the |
| | A) | cervix. |
| | B) | endometrium. |
| | C) | clitoris. |
| | D) | pubic bone. |
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| 8 | |
The ovarian cycle occurs in which order? |
| | A) | luteal phase → ovulation → follicular phase |
| | B) | ovulation → follicular phase → luteal phase |
| | C) | ovulation → luteal phase → follicular phase |
| | D) | follicular phase → ovulation → luteal phase |
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| 9 | |
The uterine changes of the uterine cycle result from |
| | A) | a fertilization event occurring in the oviduct. |
| | B) | the female sex hormones produced during the ovarian cycle. |
| | C) | ovulation, or the release of an egg from one of the ovaries. |
| | D) | the combination of ovulation and fertilization, which initiate the uterus to prepare for pregnancy. |
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| 10 | |
The birth control pill, which contains estrogen and progesterone, functions by |
| | A) | reverses the ovarian and uterine cycles, which makes fertilization less likely. |
| | B) | destroys the eggs that are housed in the ovaries. |
| | C) | shutting down the production of FSH and LH, which prevents follicle development in the ovary so that ovulation does not occur. |
| | D) | prevent implantation from taking place. |
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| 11 | |
During the first stages of development, which are __________ stages, the zygote undergoes cell division without growth, resulting first in a ball of cells called a(n) __________ and later, a hollow ball of cells called a __________. |
| | A) | tissue; embryo; blastocoel |
| | B) | cellular; morula; gastrula |
| | C) | tissue; blastula; gastrula |
| | D) | cellular; morula; blastula |
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| 12 | |
The __________ stages of development are early and late gastrula. During these stages the __________ develop. |
| | A) | tissue; embryonic germ layers |
| | B) | organ; notochord and gut |
| | C) | tissue; first two germ layers |
| | D) | organ; neural tube and coelom |
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| 13 | |
Gastrulation is important because |
| | A) | it determines the animal and vegetal pole. |
| | B) | each germ layer will become a part of the nervous system. |
| | C) | depending on how it takes place, different germ layers develop. |
| | D) | each of the germ layers will develop into adult organs. |
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| 14 | |
Which pair is correctly matched? |
| | A) | ectoderm – epithelial linings of urinary bladder |
| | B) | mesoderm – cardiovascular, urinary, lymphatic, reproductive, muscular, and skeletal systems |
| | C) | endoderm – dermis of skin, outer layers of respiratory and digestive systems |
| | D) | mesoderm – nervous system |
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| 15 | |
As mitosis occurs during development, maternal determinants are parceled out in a process called __________. This is the first step towards the __________ that accounts for the differentiation of cells. |
| | A) | morphogenesis; pattern formation |
| | B) | growth; development |
| | C) | cytoplasmic segregation; gene regulation |
| | D) | polarization; neuralization |
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| 16 | |
The maternal determinants play an important role in the specialization of cells, as does a process called __________, by which embryonic tissue is able to influence the development of another tissue, possibly through the activation of hox genes. |
| | A) | cleavage |
| | B) | segregation |
| | C) | gene pattern formation |
| | D) | induction |
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| 17 | |
In the chick, the chorion functions in __________, while in humans, this extraembryonic membrane functions in __________. The __________ performs similar functions in both, protecting the developing embryo in fluid. |
| | A) | gas exchange; nutrient and waste exchange; amnion |
| | B) | waste collection; gas exchange; yolk sac |
| | C) | nourishing the developing embryo; blood cell formation; amnion |
| | D) | forming the fetal placenta; forming umbilical blood vessels; yolk sac |
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| 18 | |
What effect does embryonic implantation have on the uterus? |
| | A) | The implanted embryo causes the uterus to develop into trophoblast, which nourishes the developing embryo. |
| | B) | Implantation does not have any effect on the uterus. |
| | C) | Embryonic implantation causes the uterus to contract. |
| | D) | The trophoblast cell layer of the embryo secretes a hormone that maintains the corpus luteum instead of breaking it down to be shed during menstruation. |
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| 19 | |
True or False: Maternal and fetal blood freely mix in the placenta so that gas, nutrient, and waste exchange may occur. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 20 | |
Which pair is correctly matched? |
| | A) | stage three of child birth – baby is born |
| | B) | stage three of child birth – baby is born |
| | C) | stage one of child birth – dilation of cervix |
| | D) | stage one of child birth – umbilical cord is cut |
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