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| 1 | |
The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon that keeps the Earth's surface warm. Without greenhouse gases—water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, halocarbons, and ozone—life as we know it wouldn't exist. The current problem is |
| | A) | that the quantities of water vapor and methane in the atmosphere are decreasing. |
| | B) | that scientists cannot agree on a general model of how the greenhouse effect went from being a positive to a negative and life-threatening force. |
| | C) | that global warming actually benefits 90% of the world population so it is difficult to mobilize the will to address the anthropogenic causes of climate change. |
| | D) | that it is difficult to distinguish between climate change and global warming. |
| | E) | that the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases have reached their highest level in 400,000 years. |
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| 2 | |
Meeting energy needs, particularly in energy-hungry countries such as the United States, China, and India, |
| | A) | is the single greatest obstacle to slowing climate change. |
| | B) | is now possible with alternative sources of energy, so scientists are no longer worried about global warming. |
| | C) | requires more environmentally friendly extraction and use of fossil fuels in order to slow climate change. |
| | D) | is the concern of higher latitude nations, since they will be the ones which will be affected the most by climate change. |
| | E) | is the primary concern of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. |
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| 3 | |
Today's ecological anthropology, a.k.a. environmental anthropology, attempts not only to understand, |
| | A) | but to prescribe top-down solutions to ecological problems. |
| | B) | but also to work closely with state agencies, among whom they do most of their ethnography, to promote institutional change. |
| | C) | but also contribute to development projects that sometimes, out of necessity, replace indigenous institutions with culturally alien concepts. |
| | D) | but also promote the concepts of environmental rights, even if it is done at the expense of cultural rights. |
| | E) | but also to find solutions to environmental problems, acknowledging that ecosystems management involves multiple levels. |
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| 4 | |
The global scenarios of deforestation include all of the following except |
| | A) | demographic pressure (from births or immigration) on subsistence economies. |
| | B) | the intensification of foraging lifestyles among communities that have retreated from the chaos of modern life. |
| | C) | commercial logging and road building. |
| | D) | cash cropping. |
| | E) | fuel wood needs associated with urban expansion. |
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| 5 | |
Any society's set of environmental practices and perceptions—that is, its cultural model of the environment and its relation to people and society—is known as |
| | A) | cognitive ecology. |
| | B) | cultural environmentalism. |
| | C) | ethnoecology. |
| | D) | environmentality. |
| | E) | green consciousness. |
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| 6 | |
In cases where contact between indigenous societies and more powerful outsiders leads to destruction, the initial encounter is often followed by |
| | A) | a diaspora. |
| | B) | hegemony. |
| | C) | a shock phase. |
| | D) | an acculturation moment. |
| | E) | celebration. |
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| 7 | |
What term refers to the spread or advance of one culture at the expense of others? |
| | A) | westernization |
| | B) | diaspora |
| | C) | cultural imperialism |
| | D) | hegemony |
| | E) | acculturation |
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| 8 | |
What term refers to changes that result when groups come into continuous firsthand contact? |
| | A) | westernization |
| | B) | indigenization |
| | C) | cultural imperialism |
| | D) | hegemony |
| | E) | acculturation |
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| 9 | |
Which of the following statements concerning the Handsome Lake religious revival is not true? |
| | A) | The Iroquois copied European farming practices. |
| | B) | The Iroquois came to emphasize male agricultural labor. |
| | C) | The Iroquois abandoned their communal longhouses. |
| | D) | The Iroquois adopted nuclear family organization. |
| | E) | This revitalization movement allowed the Iroquois to survive without changing their traditional culture. |
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| 10 | |
When cultural forces that have entered new societies are indigenized, it means that they |
| | A) | modify the local culture. |
| | B) | remain the same. |
| | C) | are adopted by elites but not lower-status groups. |
| | D) | are modified to fit the local culture. |
| | E) | are adopted by lower-status groups but not by elites. |
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| 11 | |
"Postmodern" describes all of the following except |
| | A) | a world in flux. |
| | B) | "messy," more playful architecture. |
| | C) | a world in which traditional standards, contrasts, groups, boundaries, and identities are opening up, reaching out, and breaking down. |
| | D) | the establishment of canons and categories. |
| | E) | modern movements in architecture, music, literature, and art. |
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| 12 | |
People are not likely to accept |
| | A) | change that is culturally appropriate. |
| | B) | television programming that is culturally alien when a quality local choice is available. |
| | C) | new commodities. |
| | D) | hegemony. |
| | E) | new identities. |
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| 13 | |
What term refers to the offspring of an area who have spread to many lands? |
| | A) | indigenous groups |
| | B) | diaspora |
| | C) | cultural imperialists |
| | D) | hegemony |
| | E) | postmodernists |
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| 14 | |
The last thirty years have seen a dramatic shift in the conditions of indigenous peoples in Latin America, where the drive by indigenous peoples for self-identification has emphasized all of the following except |
| | A) | their cultural distinctiveness. |
| | B) | political reforms involving a restructuring of the state. |
| | C) | territorial rights and access to natural resources, including control over economic development. |
| | D) | reforms of military and police powers over indigenous peoples. |
| | E) | their mestizaje, with an implicit call for excluding strangers from their communities. |
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| 15 | |
Which term describes the process of viewing an identity as established, real, and frozen, so as to hide the historical processes and politics within which that identity developed? |
| | A) | authochthony |
| | B) | essentialism |
| | C) | mestizaje |
| | D) | indigenismo |
| | E) | identity postmodernity |
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