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Conflict is a
incompatibility of actions or goals.
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Social dilemmas such as nuclear arms, global warming, and overpopulation occur as various parties pursue their
to their collective
. The
Dilemma and the
of the Commons games have been used to study how well-meaning people easily become trapped in mutually destructive behavior.
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Research with the laboratory dilemmas suggests that cooperation can be promoted by regulation, by keeping social groups
so that people feel responsibility for one another, by allowing people to
and thereby reducing mistrust, by changing the payoffs to make cooperation more rewarding, and by appeals to
norms.
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for scarce resources can also breed conflict. In a series of famous experiments, Muzafer Sherif divided boys into two groups and found that win-
competition triggered outright warfare.
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Many people believe the criterion for justice is
, in which the distribution of rewards is in
to individuals' contributions. When people feel exploited, they may accept and justify their inferior position, demand
, or attempt to restore
by retaliating.
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Conflicts often contain only a small core of truly incompatible goals but are surrounded by many
of the other's motives and goals. Opposing parties often have
perceptions: Each attributes the same virtues to themselves and the same vices to the other. Such images are often self-
.
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.