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| 1 | |
Which of the following learning processes refers to a decrease in strength of response to a repeated stimulus? |
| | A) | habituation |
| | B) | classical conditioning |
| | C) | operant conditioning |
| | D) | observational learning |
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| 2 | |
Laura associates a particular smell with memories of the dinner served at her wedding. Laura's association is most likely due to |
| | A) | observational learning. |
| | B) | operant conditioning. |
| | C) | habituation. |
| | D) | classical conditioning. |
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| 3 | |
In Pavlov's classic study, prior to conditioning, the tone was considered a(n) |
| | A) | unconditioned stimulus. |
| | B) | conditioned stimulus. |
| | C) | neutral stimulus. |
| | D) | conditioned response. |
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| 4 | |
The repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus, resulting in the elimination of the conditioned response, is called |
| | A) | extinction. |
| | B) | habituation. |
| | C) | backward conditioning. |
| | D) | forward conditioning. |
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| 5 | |
Amanda was bitten by a black dog when she was a child. Prior to being bitten, Amanda enjoyed playing with dogs and was not afraid of them. Ever since, Amanda becomes fearful when she sees any dog. This is |
| | A) | discrimination. |
| | B) | stimulus generalization. |
| | C) | extinction. |
| | D) | spontaneous recovery. |
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| 6 | |
Carl was at the theatre and had to go to the bathroom. One door had a picture of a stick figure with two square legs, and the other had a picture of a stick figure with a triangle in the middle. Carl chose the door with the square-legged stick figure. His bathroom choice is best explained by the concept of |
| | A) | generalization. |
| | B) | forward conditioning. |
| | C) | discrimination. |
| | D) | spontaneous recovery. |
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| 7 | |
Michael is addicted to alcohol. His psychiatrist has decided to prescribe him a drug that will produce extreme nausea when alcohol is consumed. This is known as |
| | A) | aversion therapy. |
| | B) | operant conditioning. |
| | C) | generalization. |
| | D) | systematic desensitization. |
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| 8 | |
In an effort to encourage Melissa to do well in school, her parents have decided to give her $20 for every "A" she receives on her report card. Melissa's parents are using |
| | A) | aversive punishment. |
| | B) | negative reinforcement. |
| | C) | response cost. |
| | D) | positive reinforcement. |
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| 9 | |
While Ryan was riding his bike he fell and broke his arm because he was looking down at the pedals. Ryan no longer looks down at the pedals while riding his bike. This is best explained by the concept of |
| | A) | positive reinforcement. |
| | B) | negative punishment. |
| | C) | negative reinforcement. |
| | D) | aversive punishment. |
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| 10 | |
Corporal punishment has been associated with |
| | A) | a greater likelihood of internalizing parental values |
| | B) | stable mental health during childhood and adulthood |
| | C) | greater delinquent, and antisocial behavior in childhood and adulthood |
| | D) | improved quality of child-parent relationships |
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| 11 | |
Whenever Tyler talks back to his parents, they take away his driving privileges. Tyler's talking back has decreased over time. Tyler's parents are using |
| | A) | response cost, also known as negative punishment. |
| | B) | positive punishment, also known as response cost. |
| | C) | negative reinforcement, also known as punishment. |
| | D) | positive reinforcement, also known as punishment. |
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| 12 | |
According to Skinner, shaping refers to |
| | A) | reinforcing exact replicas of expected behaviors |
| | B) | reinforcing only negative behaviors |
| | C) | reinforcing only positive behaviors |
| | D) | reinforcing "successive approximations" of behaviors |
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| 13 | |
Claire works at a car dealership. For every three cars she sells, she receives a $300 bonus. What schedule of reinforcement is her employer using? |
| | A) | Fixed-interval |
| | B) | Fixed-ratio |
| | C) | Variable-ratio |
| | D) | Continuous |
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| 14 | |
What schedule of reinforcement maintains gambling behavior? |
| | A) | Variable-interval |
| | B) | Fixed-ratio |
| | C) | Variable-ratio |
| | D) | Continuous |
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| 15 | |
A _____________ schedule of reinforcement produces the most rapid learning. |
| | A) | continuous |
| | B) | fixed-interval |
| | C) | fixed-ratio |
| | D) | variable-ratio |
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| 16 | |
Our tendency to learn some survival behaviors more easily than other behaviors is best explained by the concept of |
| | A) | conditioned taste aversion. |
| | B) | conditioned preparedness. |
| | C) | instinctive drift. |
| | D) | operant generalization. |
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| 17 | |
Kohler exposed chimpanzees to novel learning tasks and concluded that they were able to learn by _______, the sudden perception of a useful relationship that helps to solve a problem. |
| | A) | aversion |
| | B) | generalization |
| | C) | expectancy |
| | D) | insight |
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| 18 | |
Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory stresses the importance of learning |
| | A) | by increasing stimulus control. |
| | B) | by developing cognitive maps. |
| | C) | by observing a model. |
| | D) | by demonstrating fixed-action patterns. |
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| 19 | |
What is the four-step process for modeling to occur? |
| | A) | attention, retention, removal, modeling |
| | B) | attention, retention, reproduction, motivation |
| | C) | retention, modeling, reproduction, social learning |
| | D) | social learning, modeling, observation, insight |
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| 20 | |
Susan regularly allows her children to watch violence on television. Which of the following statements concerning Susan's children is MOST likely to be true? |
| | A) | Susan's children are more likely than other children to behave aggressively. |
| | B) | Susan's children are no more likely than any other children to behave aggressively. |
| | C) | Susan's children will likely become more and more sensitive to the sight of violence. |
| | D) | Susan's children will likely have an increased concern for the suffering endured by victims of violence. |
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