Chapter 1: An Overview of Our Planetary Environment
Earth in Space and Time
The Early Solar System
The Planets
Earth, Then and Now
Life on Earth
Geology, Past and Present
The Geologic Perspective
Geology and the Scientific Method
The Motivation to Find Answers
Wheels Within Wheels: Earth Cycles and Systems
Nature and Rate of Population Growth
Growth Rates: Causes and Consequences
Growth Rate and Doubling Time
Impacts of the Human Population
Farmland and Food Supply
Population and Nonfood Resources
Uneven Distribution of People and Resources
Disruption of Natural Systems
Is Extraterrestrial Colonization a Solution?
LIVING GEOLOGY 1: Reality in Round Numbers (or, how many is a crowd?)
Chapter 2: Rocks and Minerals-A First Look
Atoms, Elements, Isotopes, Ions, and Compounds
Atomic Structure
Elements and Isotopes
Ions
Compounds
Minerals-General
Minerals Defined
Identifying Characteristics
of Minerals
Other Physical Properties of Minerals
Types of Minerals
Silicates
Nonsilicates
Rocks
LIVING GEOLOGY 2: Minerals-Risky Business?
The Rock Cycle
Igneous Rocks
Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
The Rock Cycle Revisited
Section Two: Internal Processes
Chapter 3: Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonics-General Principles
Stress and Strain in Geologic Materials
Lithosphere and Asthenosphere
Locating Plate Boundaries
Plate Movements-Accumulating Evidence
The Topography of the Sea Floor
Magnetism in Rocks-General
Paleomagnetism and Seafloor Spreading
Age of the Ocean Floor
Polar-Wander Curves
Other Evidence
Types of Plate Boundaries
Divergent Plate Boundaries
Transform Boundaries
Convergent Plate Boundaries
LIVING GEOLOGY 3: Subduction Zones-Disposal Zones?
How Far, How Fast, How Long, How Come?
Past Motions, Present Velocities
Why Do Plates Move?
History of Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonics and the Rock Cycle
Chapter 4: Earthquakes
Earthquakes-Basic Theory
Basic Terms
Earthquake Locations
Seismic Waves and Earthquake Severity
Seismic Waves
Locating the Epicenter
Magnitude and Intensity
Earthquake-Related Hazards and Their Reduction
Ground Motion
Ground Failure
Tsunamis and Coastal Effects
Fire
Earthquake Prediction and Forecasting
Seismic Gaps
Earthquake Precursors and Prediction
Current Status of Earthquake Prediction
The Earthquake Cycle and Forecasting
Earthquake Control?
Earthquake Awareness, Public Response
Concerns Related to Predictions
Public Response to Earthquake Hazards
Further Thoughts on Modern and Future U.S.
and Canadian Earthquakes
Areas of Widely Recognized Risk
LIVING GEOLOGY 4: "Earthquake-proof" Buildings?
Other Potential Problem Areas
Chapter 5: Volcanoes
Magma Sources and Types
Kinds and Locations of Volcanic Activity
Individual Volcanoes-Locations
Seafloor Spreading Ridges, Fissure Eruptions
Shield Volcanoes
Volcanic Domes
Cinder Cones
Composite Volcanoes
Hazards Related to Volcanoes
Lava
Pyroclastics
Lahars
Pyroclastic Flows-Nuées Ardentes
Toxic Gases
Steam Explosions
Secondary Effects: Climate and Atmospheric Chemistry
Issues in Predicting Volcanic Eruptions
Classification of Volcanoes by Activity
Volcanic Precursors
LIVING GEOLOGY 5: All the Land's a Lava Flow. . . .
Response to Eruption Predictions
Present and Future Volcanic Hazards in the United States
Hawaii
Cascade Range
The Aleutians
Long Valley and Yellowstone Calderas
Section Three: Surface Processes
Chapter 6: Streams and Flooding
The Hydrologic Cycle
Streams and Their Features
Streams-General
Sediment Transport
Velocity, Gradient, and Base Level
Velocity and Sediment Sorting and Deposition
Channel and Floodplain Evolution
Flooding
Factors Governing Flood Severity
Flood Characteristics
Stream Hydrographs
Flood-Frequency Curves
Consequences of Development in Floodplains
Reasons for Floodplain Occupation
Effects of Development on Flood Hazards
Strategies for Reducing Flood Hazards
Restrictive Zoning and "Floodproofing"
Retention Ponds, Diversion Channels
Channelization
LIVING GEOLOGY 6: Looking out for the "Flash" in "Flash Floods"
Levees
Flood-Control Dams and Reservoirs
Chapter 7: Coastal Zones and Processes
Nature of the Coastline
Emergent and Submergent Coastlines
Causes of Long-Term Sea-Level Change
Signs of Changing Relative Sea Level
Coastal Erosion, Sediment Deposition and Transport
Sand Transport and Beach Erosion
Cliff Erosion
Especially Difficult Coastal Environments
Barrier Islands
Estuaries
Weather, Climate, and Coastal Dynamics
Present and Future Sea-Level Trends
Storms and Coastal Erosion
Costs of Construction-and Reconstruction-in High-Energy Environments
Recognition of Coastal Hazards
LIVING GEOLOGY 7: Now You See It, Now You Don't
Chapter 8: Mass Movements
Factors Influencing Slope Stability
Effects of Slope and Materials
Effects of Fluid
Effects of Vegetation
Earthquakes
Quick Clays
Types of Mass Wasting
Falls
Slumps and Slides
Flows and Avalanches
Scales and Rates of Movements
Consequences of Mass Movements
Impact of Human Activities
In Harm's Way #1: The Vaiont Dam
In Harm's Way #2: The Venezuelan Coast
Possible Preventive Measures
Slope Reduction
Retention Structures
Fluid Removal
Other Slope-Stabilization Measures
Recognizing the Hazards
Landslide Warnings?
LIVING GEOLOGY 8: Watching the Slippery Slope
Chapter 9: Geology and Climate: Glaciers, Deserts, and Global Climate Trends
Glaciers and Glacial Features
Glacier Formation
Types of Glaciers
Movement and Change of Glaciers
Glacial Erosion and Deposition
Glaciers as a Water Source
Wind and Its Geologic Impacts
Wind Erosion
Wind Deposition
Dune Migration
Loess
Deserts and Desertification
Causes of Natural Deserts
Desertification
Causes of Desertification
Desertification in the United States
Global Impact of Desertification
LIVING GEOLOGY 9: Climate-Blowing Hot and Cold
Global Climate, Past and Present
Evidence of Climates Past
Ice Ages and Their Possible Causes
Climate, Present and Future
The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
Climate Change Is More Than Global Warming
Winds and Currents, Climate and Commerce: El Niño
Section Four: Resources
Resources, People, and Standards
of Living
Projection of Resource Supply and Demand
Chapter 10: Water as a Resource
The Global Water Budget
Fluid Storage and Movement: Porosity and Permeability
Subsurface Waters
Aquifer Geometry
Confined and Unconfined Aquifers
Other Factors in Water Availability
Consequences of Groundwater Withdrawal
Lowering the Water Table
Compaction and Surface Subsidence
Saltwater Intrusion
Other Impacts of Urbanization on Groundwater Systems
Loss of Recharge
Artificial Recharge
Other Features Involving Subsurface Water
Sinkholes
Karst
Water Quality
Measures of Water Quality
Hard Water
LIVING GEOLOGY 10: What's in the Water?
Water Use, Water Supply
General U.S. Water Use
Surface Water versus Ground Water as Supply
Regional Variations in Water Use
Case Studies in Water Consumption
The Colorado River Basin
The High Plains (Ogallala) Aquifer System
The Aral Sea
Extending the Water Supply
Conservation
Interbasin Water Transfer
Desalination
Chapter 11: Soil as a Resource
Soil Formation
Soil-Forming Processes: Weathering
Soil Profiles, Soil Horizons
Chemical and Physical Properties of Soils
Color, Texture, and Structure of Soils
Soil Classification
Soils and Human Activities
Lateritic Soil
Wetland Soils
Soil Erosion
Soil Erosion versus Soil Formation
Strategies for Reducing Erosion
Irrigation and Soil Chemistry
The Soil Resource-The Global View
LIVING GEOLOGY 11: Unintended Consequences
Chapter 12: Mineral and Rock Resources
Ore Deposits
Definition
Distribution
Types of Mineral Deposits
Igneous Rocks and Magmatic Deposits
Hydrothermal Ores
Relationship to Plate Margins
Sedimentary Deposits
Other Low-Temperature Ore-
Forming Processes
Metamorphic Deposits
Mineral and Rock Resources-Examples
Metals
Nonmetallic Minerals
Rock Resources
Mineral Supply and Demand
U.S. Mineral Production and Consumption
World Mineral Supply and Demand
Minerals for the Future: Some Options Considered
New Methods in Mineral Exploration
Marine Mineral Resources
Conservation of Mineral Resources
LIVING GEOLOGY 12: What's in a 12-Ounce Can?
Impacts of Mining Activities
Underground Mines
Surface Mines
Mineral Processing
Chapter 13: Energy Resources-Fossil Fuels
Oil and Natural Gas
Formation of Oil and Gas Deposits
Oil and Gas Migration
The Time Factor
Supply and Demand for Oil and Natural Gas
Oil
U.S. Oil Supplies
Natural Gas
Future Prospects
Enhanced Oil Recovery
Geopressurized Natural Gas and Other Alternate
Gas Sources
Conservation
Oil Spills
LIVING GEOLOGY 13: Energy Prices, Energy Uses
Coal
Formation of Coal Deposits
Coal Reserves and Resources
Limitations on Coal Use
Gasification
Liquefaction
Environmental Impacts of Coal Use
Sulfur in Coal
Ash
Coal-Mining Hazards and Environmental
Impacts
Oil Shale
Tar Sand
Chapter 14: Energy Resources-Alternative Sources
Nuclear Power-Fission
Fission-Basic Principles
The Geology of Uranium Deposits
Extending the Nuclear Fuel Supply
Concerns Related to Nuclear Reactor
Safety
Concerns Related to Fuel Handling
Radioactive Wastes
Risk Assessment, Risk Projection
Concluding Observations
Nuclear Power-Fusion
Solar Energy
Solar Heating
Solar Electricity
Potential Environmental Impacts of Large-Scale Commitment to Solar Electricity
Solar Energy Summary
Geothermal Power
The Geothermal Resource
Applications of Geothermal Energy
Environmental Considerations of Geothermal Power
Limitations on Geothermal Power
Alternative Geothermal Sources
Summary of Geothermal Potential
Hydropower
Limitations on Hydropower Development
Tidal Power
Wind Energy
Biomass
Alcohol as Fuel
LIVING GEOLOGY 14: The Educational Bill
Biogas
Section Five: Waste Disposal and Pollution
Chapter 15: Waste Disposal
Solid Wastes-General
Municipal Waste Disposal
Open Dumps
Sanitary Landfills
Incineration
Ocean Dumping
Reducing Waste Volume
Handling (Nontoxic) Organic Matter
Recycling
LIVING GEOLOGY 15: Decisions, Decisions . . . .
Other Options
Liquid-Waste Disposal
Secure Landfills
Deep-Well Disposal
Other Strategies
Sewage Treatment
Septic Systems
Municipal Sewage Treatment
The Ghost of Toxins Past: Superfund
Radioactive Wastes
Radioactive Decay
Effects of Radiation
Nature of Radioactive Wastes
Historical Suggestions: Space, Ice, and Plate Tectonics
Seabed Disposal
Bedrock Caverns for Liquid Waste
Bedrock Disposal of Solid High-Level Wastes
Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP)
The Long Road to Yucca Mountain
No High-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Yet
Chapter 16: Water Pollution
General Principles
Geochemical Cycles
Residence Time
Residence Time and Pollution
Point and Nonpoint Pollution Sources
Industrial Pollution
Inorganic Pollutants-Metals
Other Inorganic Pollutants
Organic Compounds
Problems of Control
Thermal Pollution
Organic Matter
Nature and Impacts
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Eutrophication
Agricultural Pollution
Fertilizers
Sediment Pollution
LIVING GEOLOGY 16: Clogging with Kindness?
Herbicides and Pesticides
Reversing the Damage-Surface Water
Dredging
Physical Isolation or Chemical Treatment of Sediments
Decontamination; Aeration
Groundwater Pollution
The Surface-Ground Water Connection Explored
Damage Control by Containment-The Rocky Mountain Arsenal
Reversing the Damage-Ground Water
In Situ Decontamination
Decontamination After Extraction
New Technology Meets Problems from the Past: California Gulch Superfund Site, Leadville, Colorado
Chapter 17: Air Pollution
Atmospheric Chemistry-Cycles and Residence Times
Costs of Air Pollution
Types and Sources of Air Pollution
Particulates
Carbon Gases
Sulfur Gases
Nitrogen Gases
Ozone and Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Lead
Other Pollutants
Acid Rain
The Nature of Acid Rain
LIVING GEOLOGY 17: Indoor Air Pollution?
Regional Variations in Rainfall Acidity
and Impacts
Air Pollution and Weather
Thermal Inversion
Impact on Precipitation
Toward Air-Pollution Control
Air-Quality Standards
Control Methods
Automobile Emissions
Cost and Effect
Section Six: Other Related Topics
Chapter 18: Environmental Law
Resource Law: Water
Surface-Water Law
Groundwater Law
Resource Law: Minerals and Fuels
Mineral Rights
Mine Reclamation
International Resource Disputes
Law of the Sea and Exclusive Economic
Zones
Antarctica
Pollution and Its Control
A Clean Environment-By What Right?
Water Pollution
Air Pollution
Waste Disposal
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Defining Limits of Pollution
The Canadian Environmental Protection Act
International Initiatives
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Problems of Quantification
Cost-Benefit Analysis and the Federal Government
Laws Relating to Geologic Hazards
Construction Controls
Other Responses to Earthquake Hazards
Flood Hazards, Flood Insurance
Problems with Geologic-Hazard Mitigation Laws
The National Environmental Policy Act (1969)
LIVING GEOLOGY 18: Floodplain? What Floodplain?
Chapter 19: Land-Use Planning and Engineering Geology
Land-Use Planning-Why?
Conversion of Rural Land
Some Considerations in Planning
Land-Use Options
Multiple Use
Sequential Use
The Federal Government and Land-Use Planning
Maps as a Planning Tool
Engineering Geology-Some Considerations
LIVING GEOLOGY 19: How Green Is My-Golf Course?
The Role of Testing and Scale Modeling
Case Histories, Old and New
The Leaning Tower of Pisa
The Panama Canal
The Rotterdam Subway, Holland
Tower Latino Americano, Mexico City
Dams and Their Failures
The St. Francis Dam
Other Examples and Issues
Appendix A:
Geologic Time, Geologic Process Rates
Introduction
Relative Dating
Arranging Events in Order
Correlation
Uniformitarianism
How Old Is the Earth?
Early Efforts
The Nineteenth-Century View
Radiometric Dating
The Discovery of Radioactivity
Radioactive Decay and Dating
Choice of an Isotopic System
Radiometric and Relative Ages Combined
The Geologic Time Scale
Geologic Process Rates
Examples of Rate Determination
The Danger of Extrapolation
Appendix B: Introduction to Topographic and Geologic Maps and Satellite Imagery
Maps and Scale
Topographic Maps
Contour Lines, Contour Intervals
Other Features on Standard Topographic
Maps
Obtaining Topographic Maps
Geologic Maps
Basic Concepts Related to Geologic Maps
Interpretation from Geologic Maps-
Examples
Cross Sections
Obtaining Geologic Maps
Remote Sensing and Satellite Imagery
Landsat Images and Applications
Radar Imaging
Imaging Spectroscopy
Appendix C: Mineral and Rock Identification
Mineral Identification
A Note on Mineral Formulas
Rock Identification
Appendix D: Units of Measurement-Conversions
GLOSSARY
INDEX
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2003 McGraw-Hill Higher Education