AP Biology (Mader), 11th Edition

Chapter 36: Body Fluid Regulation and Excretory Systems

Learning Outcomes

36.1 Animal Excretory Systems

1. Describe the overall, specific functions of animal excretion systems.
2. List the costs and benefits of the excretion of ammonia, urea, or uric acid as nitrogenous waste products.
3. Compare and contrast the excretory organs of earthworms, arthropods, aquatic vertebrates, and terrestrial vertebrates.

36.2 The Human Urinary System

1. Trace the anatomical path taken by urine from the glomeruli to its exit from the body.
2. Discuss the contributions of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion to the formation of urine.
3. Summarize the four major functions of human kidneys in maintaining homeostasis.