Biology (Raven), 10th Edition

Chapter 23: Systematics, Phylogenies, and Comparative Biology

Post-Test

1
Sieve tubes have evolved in brown algae and angiosperms. This is an example of:
A)homozygosity.
B)convergent evolution.
C)monophyly.
D)homology.
E)paraphyly.
2
Phylogenetic analysis has been applied to the evolution of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and it has been compared to the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). The finding that different HIV strains exist, and are nested within SIV clades suggests that:
A)HIV and SIV are distantly related.
B)there have been multiple origins of HIV from SIV.
C)there was a single origin of HIV from SIV.
D)SIV evolved from an ancestral HIV strain.
E)SIV and HIV arose independently and are only distantly related.
3
Once a data set has been assembled, the first step in performing cladistic analysis of the data is to
A)construct a cladogram.
B)polarize the characters.
C)determine how recently the species shared a common ancestor.
D)identify symplesiomorphies.
E)apply the principle of parsimony.
4
When the same character state is exhibited by several different outgroups, which of the following is true of polarity assignments?
A)They are not useful.
B)They minimize character evolution.
C)They cannot be determined.
D)They are most reliable.
E)They contradict the principle of parsimony.
5
Which of the following can NOT be used for phylogenetic analysis?
A)Distinguishing between competing hypotheses.
B)Determining whether trait evolution involved homologous or homoplastic changes.
C)Determining the precise time when an evolutionary event occurred.
D)Identifying evolutionary sequences.
E)Testing hypotheses about species diversity.
6
Which of the following characters can be used to identify character variation between organisms?
A)Morphology
B)Physiology
C)DNA
D)Behavior
E)All of the above
7
Members of a clade always share
A)homoplasies.
B)symplesiomorphies.
C)vestigial structures.
D)analogous structures.
E)synapomorphies.
8
The principle of parsimony is used when
A)an outgroup cannot be identified.
B)there are conflicts among characters.
C)organisms have complex characters.
D)rates of evolutionary change are rapid.
E)statistical approaches fail.
9
Which of the following organism listed does NOT belong to the same monophyletic group as the others?
A)bird
B)bat
C)Velociraptor
D)crocodile
E)Tyrannosaurus
10
A paraphyletic group
A)contains unrelated organisms.
B)is used to define a clade.
C)includes the most recent common ancestor but not all of its descendents.
D)includes all the representatives of a clade but not the most recent common ancestor.
E)contains all the representatives of a clade and the most recent common ancestor.
11
The dolphin's flipper and the horse's leg are an example of _______
A)autology.
B)homology.
C)parsimony.
D)homoplasy.
E)analogy.
12
Phylogenetic analysis suggests that which of the following might be responsible for the diversity of beetles?
A)Soil modifications
B)Oscillating selection
C)Evolution of complex characters
D)Angiosperm specialization
E)DNA divergence
13
Phylogenetics is the basis of all ______ because it examines the distribution of traits among organisms in the context of their phylogenetic relationships.
A)natural selection
B)classification
C)comparative biology
D)evolution
E)species
14
The wings of birds and those of bees are an example of ______ structures.
A)homologous
B)synapomorphous
C)homoplastic
D)symplesiomorphous
E)vestigial
15
The study of biological diversity and evolutionary relationships among organisms is
A)nomenclature.
B)taxonomy.
C)ecology.
D)systematics.
E)biology.
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