1 A) thin walled and contain no living protoplasts B) thin walled and often contain chloroplasts C) lignified and contain living protoplasts D) thick walled and contain living protoplasts E) lignified and usually contain no living protoplasts 2 A) sieve cells B) vessels C) tracheids D) sieve tubes E) rays 3 A) root hairs B) xylem C) branch roots D) root cap E) pith parenchyma 4 A) cortex B) endodermis C) pericycle D) pith E) xylem 5 A) aerial B) adventitious C) buttress D) parasitic E) food storage 6 A) Enzymes diffuse away from the membrane, and thus they tend to have more activity farther away. B) The middle lamella, which causes plant cells to stick together, is responsible for the primary wall, while the cell membrane has the enzyme structures for making the secondary wall. C) Rosettes in the cell membrane lay down successive cell wall layers. Thus, the primary cell wall is formed first with the secondary wall pushing it outward over time. D) The primary cell wall is digested by the rosettes which eventually create the secondary wall in order to create room for the new material. E) Cellulose expands as it forms the semicrystalline wall, leading to older material being moved outward over time. 7 A) Root hairs are made from many cells extending from the epidermis. Trichomes are extensions of epidermal cells. B) Root hairs are extensions of epidermal cells without cross-walls isolating them from the rest of their cells. On the other hand, trichomes are a cellular or multicellular outgrowths of the epidermis. C) Root hairs are glandular, providing nutrients for symbiotic associations with soil fungi, while trichomes cannot serve as glands. D) All of the choices distinguish root hairs from trichomes. E) None of the choices distinguish correctly between root hairs and trichomes. 8 SCARECROW (SCR) and WEREWOLF (WER) in root development?A) SCR makes the roots grow in absurd directions (as if there's no "brain" controlling them). WER makes roots "hairy" because it stimulates excessive differentiation of hairs from root epidermal cells.B) The wer protein results in cells with lots of root hairs, while scr creates a skinny root. C) The scr allele creates a skinny root (like a scarecrow that has lost its stuffing), while the wer allele attacks neighboring cells, killing them. D) Protein from SCR "turns on" the WER genes. E) The WER protein suppresses root hair development, while SCR creates and inner cell layer of endodermis
surrounded by an outer layer of ground tissue. 9 A) An axillary bud, a product of primary shoot apical meristem. B) A petiole, which forms below the leaf and props up the tissue that joins the leaf to the stem. C) A terminal bud, which creates branching patterns in plants. D) Internodes, which split at each node to create more branches. E) Bundle scars, which allow the material above the node to slough off during seasons that don't favor growth. 10 A) palisade/lower epidermis; stomata/ lower epidermis B) palisade/upper epidermis; stomata/ upper epidermis C) palisade/lower epidermis; stomata/ upper epidermis D) palisade/upper epidermis; stomata/ lower epidermis 11 lateral meristem ?A) These give rise to leaves, which occur on each side of the shoot apical meristem. B) The lateral meristem is involved in the thickening of roots and shoots. C) Leaves are able to expand to form a sheet through the action of lateral meristems. D) Branches sprout out sideways through the activity of lateral meristems. E) Formation of large sideways expansion of plants occurs from lateral meristems, leading to the "bushy" appearance created by adding large boughs. 12 A) Exterior to the vascular cambium is the bark. Removing the bark will damage the phloem and could thereby kill the tree through starvation of the roots. B) By removing material outside the vascular cambium, there will be no xylem or phloem to provide nutrition to distant parts of the plant. C) Water won't be able to travel from the soil to the leaves because vascular tissue was removed. D) Removing so much material will result in infection that inevitably kills the plant. E) Having a ring of damaged tissue extend the entire girth of the stem results in excessive energy being devoted to repair. This unfocused response means that resources are wasted trying to fix all the hurt areas at once. 13 A) The Golgi has ribosomes within it so that it can manufacture quantities of protein necessary to speed repair of its cells, which are easily damaged. B) The vesicles which come from the Golgi are released directly to the exterior of the cell that coat the root and prevent damage. C) Golgi membranes are worn off during root growth, so many of them are required to replace lost members. D) Secretions from the Golgi bodies pass through the cell walls to the outside. The secretions both lubricate the roots as they push through the soil and promote the growth of beneficial nitrogen-fixing bacteria. E) The Golgi bodies sense gravity using starch granules and so having many of them present speeds sensing and responding to changes in the gravitational direction. 14 A) Bulb; horizontal stem which grows under the soil. B) Tuber; a flattened, photosynthetic stem resembling a leaf. C) Corm; an underground stem which resembles a bulb but has no fleshy leaves. D) Stolon; an accumulation of storage materials at the tip of a rhizome. E) Tendril; a horizontal stem that has long internodes and grows above the soil surface (similar to a runner). 15 A) Bract; a cone-shaped leaf with transparent tips. It remains buried but admits light to its center. B) Insectivorous leaf; produces tiny, complete plantlets along its margin. C) Window leaf; a leaf produced in the shade which has a large surface area but is thin with little mesophyll. D) Reproductive leaf; a leaf that traps insects. E) Spine; a leaf modified as spines. Cacti are an example. 16 A) plastid B) starch grain C) columella cell D) amyloplast E) root hair 17 A) Xylem/food/tracheids B) xylem/water/sieve cells C) phloem/food/sieve-tube members D) phloem/water/sieve cells 18 A) Stomata are formed by guard cells and cells with many pores. B) A stoma is the space between two guard cells. C) Guard cells, like other epidermal cells, do not contain chloroplasts. D) Stomata exchange carbon dioxide, oxygen and liquid water. 19 A) The most common type of plant cell. B) Function in the storage of food and water. C) Less specialized than other cells. D) Photosynthetic parenchyma cells are called "chlorenchyma". E) None of the statements are incorrect. 20 A) true B) false 21 A) cork B) cork phelloderm C) cork cambium D) phloem
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