Biology (Raven), 10th Edition

Chapter 48: The Respiratory System

Post-Test

1
Which of the following statements is true?
A)When a bird breathes, air moves from the lungs into the posterior air sacs.
B)Amphibians pull air into their lungs by creating a lower pressure in their lungs than in the atmosphere.
C)The flow of blood through the avian lung runs at a 180 degree angle to the air flow.
D)In the average adult human, the surface area of the lungs is more than 400 times greater than the surface area of the body.
E)The only place where gas exchange occurs in mammalian respiratory systems is in the alveoli.
2
Where is the respiratory control center of humans located?
A)diaphragm
B)alveoli
C)medulla oblongata of the brain stem
D)hypothalamus of the brain
E)larynx
3
When do the external intercostals and the diaphragm contract?
A)during inhalation
B)during exhalation
C)during both inhalation and exhalation
D)during neither inhalation and exhalation
E)The external intercostals contract during inhalation; the diaphragm contracts during exhalation.
4
What is the Bohr effect?
A)Myoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin.
B)Carbon dioxide and water combine to form carbonic acid which dissociates to form protons.
C)Hemoglobin unloads its oxygen when it encounters low pH levels.
D)It is also known as the chloride shift.
5
What can hemoglobin bind?
A)oxygen
B)carbon dioxide
C)nitric oxide
D)All of the selections.
6
By what process does respiration move gases?
A)facilitated transport
B)active transport
C)diffusion
D)ventilation
E)osmosis
7
What is the proper name for the process whereby some bony fishes, with virtually immobile opercula, swim with their mouths open to constantly force water over their gills?
A)ventilation
B)inhalation
C)ram ventilation
D)concurrent flow
E)countercurrent flow
8
What is the proper term for how all terrestrial vertebrates, except amphibians, breathe by expanding their lungs?
A)negative pressure within the lungs
B)positive pressure within the lungs
C)neutral pressure within the lungs
D)countercurrent pressure within the lungs
E)directional pressure within the lungs
9
The most efficient lungs are found in which of the terrestrial vertebrates listed below?
A)amphibians
B)reptiles
C)birds
D)mammals
E)insects
10
What is the oxygen content of dry air in the atmosphere?
A)about 78.1%
B)about 2l.0%
C)about 0.03%
D)varies depending on the altitude
E)varies depending on the amount of air in the atmosphere
11
On what factor does Fick's law of diffusion for the rate of diffusion across a membrane NOT depend?
A)surface area
B)concentration difference
C)distance
D)flow
E)the diffusing substance
12
What makes gills the most efficient of all respiratory systems?
A)the countercurrent flow of water over the gills
B)the blood within the gills
C)increasing the temperature of the blood to the gills
D)the countercurrent flow of water over the gills and the blood within the gills
E)All of the choices are correct.
13
For a person at rest, blood that returns to the heart in the systemic veins has an oxygen pressure that has been reduced to about what value?
A)20 mm
B)40 mm
C)0 mm
D)100 mm
E)75 mm
14
What is the likely scenario triggering breathing in humans?
A)low blood pCO2
B)high blood pCO2
C)low blood pO2
D)high blood pO2
E)both low blood pO2 and high blood pCO2
15
Hemoglobin is a ________with ______iron atoms.
A)carbohydrate; 4
B)protein; 4
C)fatty acid; 4
D)phospholipid; 8
E)chain of amino acids; 16
16
Select a way in which carbon dioxide is NOT transported in blood.
A)bound to the protein portion of hemoglobin
B)bound to the iron atoms of hemoglobin
C)dissolved in plasma
D)as bicarbonate
17
True or false: Carbon dioxide does not compete with oxygen for hemoglobin, but it does lower hemoglobin's affinity by altering its shape.
A)true
B)false
18
Upon which factors does ventilation efficiency depend?
A)lung capacity and heart rate
B)blood pressure and lung capacity
C)lung capacity and breathing rate
D)breathing rate and blood pressure
19
What is the proper term for the maximum amount of air that can be expired after a forceful, maximum inhalation?
A)tidal volume
B)lung capacity
C)vital capacity
D)maximum lung volume
20
Why do humans not survive long at altitudes above 6000 m?
A)The oxygen content is half of that found at sea level.
B)The carbon dioxide is twice that found at sea level.
C)The partial pressure of oxygen is half that found at sea level.
D)The atmospheric pressure is twice that found at sea level, which makes the amount of oxygen available one-fourth that found at sea level.
21
In the countercurrent flow found in gills, the arrangement maximizes the oxygenation of blood by affecting which factor in Fick's Law?
A)increased surface area
B)decreasing the distance
C)the concentration difference
D)increasing the membrane permeability of the gas represented by D
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