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| 1 | |
Tang feels that Churchland's monist position is the most useful. With which of the following statements would the author agree? |
| | A) | Churchland's supports the philosophy of functionalism. |
| | B) | Churchland's supports the philosophy of reductive materialism. |
| | C) | Churchland's supports the philosophy of eliminative materialism. |
| | D) | Churchland's supports the philosophy of substantive materialism. |
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| 2 | |
Tang feels that Churchland's monist position is the most useful. With which of the following statements would the author disagree? |
| | A) | Churchland supports the notion that we should only believe what we can observe. |
| | B) | Churchland claims that we can learn to experience our environment in a scientific way. |
| | C) | Churchland supports a view of complete scientific realism. |
| | D) | Churchland claims we can learn to directly introspect our own brain states. |
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| 3 | |
Wellman, Cross, and Watson feel that a stage-developmental theory best explains theory-of-mind research findings. With which of the following statements would the authors disagree? |
| | A) | Theory of mind highlights everyday folk psychology. |
| | B) | Theory of mind research has focused on the understanding of false belief. |
| | C) | Theory of mind requires an understanding of the distinction between mind and world. |
| | D) | Theory of mind is primarily biological and hormonally based. |
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| 4 | |
Wellman, Cross, and Watson feel that a stage-developmental theory best explains theory-of-mind research findings. With which of the following statements would the authors disagree? |
| | A) | The last 25 years of research have shown that earlier researchers made their tasks too easy, thus overestimating children's abilities. |
| | B) | The last 25 years of research have shown an increased focus on the processing of information, not just children's final responses. |
| | C) | The last 25 years of research have focused on domain-specific skills more so than general skills. |
| | D) | The last 25 years of research have shown the decrease in focus on conceptual change. |
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| 5 | |
Sternberg feels that mindfulness belongs in the area of cognitive styles. With which of the following statements would the author disagree? |
| | A) | One of Langer's components of mindfulness is openness to novelty. |
| | B) | One of Langer's components of mindfulness is concentration on a single perspective. |
| | C) | One of Langer's components of mindfulness is alertness to distinction. |
| | D) | One of Langer's components of mindfulness is orientation to the present. |
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| 6 | |
Sternberg feels that mindfulness belongs in the area of cognitive styles. With which of the following statements would the author agree? |
| | A) | Sternberg's primary purpose is to relate mindfulness to other constructs in psychological literature. |
| | B) | Sternberg's primary purpose is to create an operational definition for mindfulness. |
| | C) | Sternberg's primary purpose is to design a research program to explore mindfulness. |
| | D) | Sternberg's primary purpose is to show that mindfulness is a spiritual quality. |
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| 7 | |
Cohen and Marks feel that infants stare longer at familiar situations, and that such action is often misinterpreted. With which of the following statements would the authors disagree? |
| | A) | The Wynn task involves motivating infants to move items on a stage to simulate addition and subtraction. |
| | B) | The Wynn task involves moving infants on and off a stage to simulate addition and subtraction. |
| | C) | The Wynn task involves placing infants in front of a stage to watch a sequence of adding and subtracting items. |
| | D) | The Wynn task involves placing infants in front of a video screen to watch a sequence of adding and subtracting items. |
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| 8 | |
Cohen and Marks feel that infants stare longer at familiar situations, and that such action is often misinterpreted. With which of the following statements would the authors disagree? |
| | A) | One of the three major views on the development of numerical competence is the empiricist view which states that children learn by observing numerical transformations. |
| | B) | One of the three major views on the development of numerical competence is the cognitivist view which states that numerical competence is gained through rote memorization. |
| | C) | One of the three major views on the development of numerical competence is the nativist view which states that sensitivity to number is innate. |
| | D) | One of the three major views on the development of numerical competence is the constructionist view which states that the concept of number is built from sensorimotor intelligence. |
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| 9 | |
Mandler feels that preverbal infants develop abstract conceptual understanding. With which of the following statements would the author disagree? |
| | A) | Perceptual understanding leads to conceptual understanding. |
| | B) | Infants are more likely to imitate actions that make sense to them. |
| | C) | Traditional theory says that infants groups things in the environment based on perceptual qualities. |
| | D) | Traditional theory best explains the transition from perceptual categories to conceptual categories. |
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| 10 | |
Mandler feels that preverbal infants develop abstract conceptual understanding. With which of the following statements would the author disagree? |
| | A) | Infants prefer to imitate the actions of the experimenters with items from the appropriate domains. |
| | B) | Infants choose the appropriate items for imitation even when the infants had never seen the item before. |
| | C) | Infants would cross the domain boundaries when the experimenters demonstrated such behaviors. |
| | D) | Infants at 9 months old would imitate less often than infants at 14 months old. |
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| 11 | |
Bird, Howard, and Franklin feel that the standard distinction of semantic and grammatical information is wrong. With which of the following statements would the authors agree? |
| | A) | The most important distinction in conceptual storage is imageability and function. |
| | B) | The most important distinction in conceptual storage is imageability and grammatical information. |
| | C) | The most important distinction in conceptual storage is function and grammatical information. |
| | D) | The most important distinction in conceptual storage is semantic information and function. |
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| 12 | |
Bird, Howard, and Franklin feel that the standard distinction of semantic and grammatical information is wrong. With which of the following statements would the authors agree? |
| | A) | The participants included three noun deficit and three verb spared patients. |
| | B) | The participants included three verb deficit and three noun spared patients. |
| | C) | The participants included three verb deficit and three verb spared patients. |
| | D) | The participants included three noun deficit and three noun spared patients. |
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| 13 | |
Saariluoma and Laine feel that novices best learn chess through noticing the type and color of the pieces. With which of the following statements would the authors agree? |
| | A) | Chess experts perform far better than novices when remembering random patterns of chess pieces. |
| | B) | Chess experts perform well below novices when remembering random patterns of chess pieces. |
| | C) | Chess experts perform in a similar way to novices when remembering random patterns of chess pieces. |
| | D) | Chess experts remember the associations of pieces better than novices when tested with random patterns of chess pieces. |
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| 14 | |
Saariluoma and Laine feel that novices best learn chess through noticing the type and color of the pieces. With which of the following statements would the authors disagree? |
| | A) | Both participants, NT and MQ, demonstrated similar learning rates. |
| | B) | Both participants demonstrated similar learning curves for both random and non-random positions. |
| | C) | Both participants were able to increase their recall from about 15% to between 40and 50%. |
| | D) | Both participants demonstrated a negatively accelerated learning curve for both random and non-random positions. |
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| 15 | |
Pezdek and Eddy were replicating an earlier study done by Garry and her colleagues. With which of the following statements would the Pezdek and Eddy agree? |
| | A) | Garry and her colleagues were interested in the ratings on the lower end of the scale (1 = definitely did not happen) while Pezdek and Eddy were interested in both ends of the scale. |
| | B) | Garry and her colleagues were interested in the ratings on the lower end of the scale (1 = definitely did not happen) while Pezdek and Eddy were interested in the upper end of the scale (8 = definitely did happen). |
| | C) | Both Garry and her colleagues and Pezdek and Eddy were interested in the ratings on the lower end of the scale (1 = definitely did not happen). |
| | D) | Pezdek and Eddy were interested in the ratings on the lower end of the scale (1 = definitely did not happen) while Garry and her colleagues were interested in both ends of the scale. |
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| 16 | |
Pezdek and Eddy were replicating an earlier study done by Garry and her colleagues. With which of the following statements would the Pezdek and Eddy agree? |
| | A) | Pezdek and Eddy did not exactly replicate Garry's research in that they involved a sample of accountants. |
| | B) | Pezdek and Eddy did not exactly replicate Garry's research in that they involved a sample of trauma victims. |
| | C) | Pezdek and Eddy did not exactly replicate Garry's research in that they involved a sample of children. |
| | D) | Pezdek and Eddy did not exactly replicate Garry's research in that they involved a sample of much older adults. |
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| 17 | |
Ornstein, Ceci, and Loftus feel that memories are often inaccurate. With which of the following statements would the authors disagree? |
| | A) | One of the four themes is that whatever gets into memory may vary in strength. |
| | B) | One of the four themes is that everything that actually happens gets into memory. |
| | C) | One of the four themes is that memory retrieval for specific information is not perfect. |
| | D) | One of the four themes is that the status of information, such as its importance, in memory changes over time. |
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| 18 | |
Ornstein, Ceci, and Loftus feel that memories are often inaccurate. With which of the following statements would the authors disagree? |
| | A) | Research suggests one of the basic factors influencing the strength of memory traces is location of the event. |
| | B) | Research suggests one of the basic factors influencing the strength of memory traces is the age of the individual. |
| | C) | Research suggests one of the basic factors influencing the strength of memory traces is the number of repeated exposures to the event. |
| | D) | Research suggests one of the basic factors influencing the strength of memory traces is the length of the exposure to the event. |
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| 19 | |
Martin, Vu, Kellas, and Metcalf feel that the context-sensitive model best explains the way we retrieve meanings for ambiguous homonyms. With which of the following statements would the authors agree? |
| | A) | A balanced homonym is one in which an ambiguous word has both an English meaning and a non-English meaning. |
| | B) | A balanced homonym is one in which an ambiguous word has both a formal meaning and a slang meaning. |
| | C) | A balanced homonym is one in which an ambiguous word has both a frequently used meaning and lesser used meanings. |
| | D) | A balanced homonym is one in which an ambiguous word has several frequently used meanings. |
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| 20 | |
Martin, Vu, Kellas, and Metcalf feel that the context-sensitive model best explains the way we retrieve meanings for ambiguous homonyms. With which of the following statements would the authors disagree? |
| | A) | The reordered access model claims that when a less frequent meaning is indicated by the context both the dominant and the subordinate meanings are retrieved simultaneously. |
| | B) | The reordered access model claims that when a less frequent meaning is indicated by the context the dominant meaning is retrieved first. |
| | C) | The reordered access model claims that when a less frequent meaning is indicated by the context the subordinate meaning is retrieved first. |
| | D) | The reordered access model claims that when a less frequent meaning is indicated by the context only the subordinate meaning is retrieved. |
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| 21 | |
Packman, Onslow, Coombes, and Goodwin feel that stuttering is not related to lexical retrieval. With which of the following statements would the authors agree? |
| | A) | Levelt's model of speech production is outdated and useless. |
| | B) | Levelt's model of speech production is the most useful. |
| | C) | A dual process model is the most useful. |
| | D) | A triple process model is the most useful. |
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| 22 | |
Packman, Onslow, Coombes, and Goodwin feel that stuttering is not related to lexical retrieval. With which of the following statements would the authors agree? |
| | A) | The use of nonsense words eliminates any lexical retrieval. |
| | B) | The use of nonsense words adds lexical retrieval. |
| | C) | The use of nonsense words provided a control condition. |
| | D) | The use of nonsense words tested the dual process theory. |
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| 23 | |
Frawley feels that the brain-as-computer model is useful in
understanding language disorders. With which of the following
statements would the author agree? |
| | A) | Most of cognitive science emphasizes data structures, while Frawley feels that information flow should get more attention. |
| | B) | Most of cognitive science emphasizes data structures and Frawley feels that is appropriate. |
| | C) | Most of cognitive science emphasizes information flow, while Frawley feels that data structures should get more attention. |
| | D) | Most of cognitive science emphasizes information flow and Frawley feels that is appropriate. |
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| 24 | |
Frawley feels that the brain-as-computer model is useful in
understanding language disorders. With which of the following
statements would the author disagree? |
| | A) | Programming languages that lack statements or return values
are called functional languages. |
| | B) | Programming languages that include statements and
expressions are called procedural languages. |
| | C) | Programming languages that include statements and
expressions are called sequential languages. |
| | D) | The choice of a computer programming language when testing
the brain-as-computer analogy is not a concern. |
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| 25 | |
Mayer, Salovey, and Caruso feel that emotional intelligence is a
valid type of intelligence. With which of the following
statements would the authors disagree? |
| | A) | Emotion is recognized as one of the four fundamental classes
of mental operations. |
| | B) | Intelligence is recognized as one of the four fundamental
classes of mental operations. |
| | C) | Cognition is recognized as one of the four fundamental
classes of mental operations. |
| | D) | Motivation is recognized as one of the four fundamental
classes of mental operations. |
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| 26 | |
Mayer, Salovey, and Caruso feel that emotional intelligence is a
valid type of intelligence. With which of the following
statements would the authors agree? |
| | A) | Ability models focus on the interaction of emotion and
intelligences as traditionally defined. |
| | B) | Ability models focus on the interaction of emotions,
intelligence, dispositions, and traits. |
| | C) | Ability models focus on the interaction of emotional,
motivation, and personality. |
| | D) | Ability models focus on the interaction of emotion,
motivation, communication skills, and intelligence. |
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| 27 | |
Rodgers, Cleveland, van den Oord, and Rowe feel that birth order
does not influence intelligence. With which of the following
statements would the authors agree? |
| | A) | They support the dilution model. |
| | B) | They support the confluence model. |
| | C) | They support the admixture model. |
| | D) | They support the sociological model. |
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| 28 | |
Rodgers, Cleveland, van den Oord, and Rowe examined several
models relating birth order to intelligence. With which of the
following statements would the authors agree? |
| | A) | The dilution model suggests that the distribution of
intelligence among parents is the most important factor. |
| | B) | The confluence model suggests that the distribution of
intelligence among parents is the most important factor. |
| | C) | The admixture model suggests that the distribution of
intelligence among parents is the most important factor. |
| | D) | The sociological model suggests that the distribution of
intelligence among parents is the most important factor. |
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| 29 | |
Churchland feels that a neural network best explains moral
virtues. With which of the following statements would Churchland
agree? |
| | A) | Moral virtues are schemas. |
| | B) | Moral virtues are skills. |
| | C) | Moral virtues are innate. |
| | D) | Moral virtues are the same in all people. |
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| 30 | |
Churchland has developed a theory of a neural network model of
moral virtues. With which of the following statements would he
agree? |
| | A) | Moral judgment develops without influence from the
environment. |
| | B) | Moral judgment develops quickly. |
| | C) | Moral judgment develops primary in very young children. |
| | D) | Moral judgment develops in stages or schemas. |
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| 31 | |
Rest, Narvaez, Thoma, and Bebeau feel that Kohlberg's Stages of
Moral Reasoning have merit. With which of the following
statements would the author agree? |
| | A) | Kohlberg was steadfast in insisting that his theory was
accurate and complete. |
| | B) | Kohlberg only changed his theory when the works of Rawls and
Piaget were introduced. |
| | C) | Kohlberg seldom changed his theory and ideas. |
| | D) | Kohlberg continually revised his theory and ideas. |
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| 32 | |
Rest, Narvaez, Thoma, and Bebeau feel that Kohlberg's Stages of
Moral Reasoning have merit. With which of the following
statements would the authors disagree? |
| | A) | They agree with Kohlberg's use of six hard stages. |
| | B) | They agree with Kohlberg's emphasis on cognition. |
| | C) | They agree with Kohlberg's emphasis on personal construction
of epistemological categories. |
| | D) | They agree with Kohlberg's emphasis in adolescent and
adulthood on the shift from conventional to postconventional
thinking. |
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| 33 | |
McCutcheon and Pincombe feel that intuition is valuable in
nursing practice. With which of the following statements would
the author agree? |
| | A) | Experience is more important than knowledge or expertise in
intuition. |
| | B) | Expertise is more important than knowledge or experience in
intuition. |
| | C) | Clinical knowledge is more important than experience or
expertise in intuition. |
| | D) | The interaction of knowledge, expertise, and experience
create intuition. |
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| 34 | |
McCutcheon and Pincombe found that intuition was related to
several other characteristics. With which of the following
statements would the author disagree? |
| | A) | Intuition was found to be related to acceptance level of
intuition in the working environment. |
| | B) | Intuition was found to be unrelated to the personality
characteristics of the nurse. |
| | C) | Intuition was found to be related to the environment. |
| | D) | Intuition was found to be related to the nurse/client
relationship. |
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| 35 | |
Sternberg feels that it is important to teach wisdom in school
settings. With which of the following statements would Sternberg
disagree? |
| | A) | The goal of education should be more than to impart
knowledge. |
| | B) | Teaching wisdom has always been implicit, but not explicit
in schools. |
| | C) | Schools can be blamed for the fact most adults do not make
wise decisions. |
| | D) | It is important to teach wisdom in order to increase IQ
scores. |
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| 36 | |
Sternberg describes both an implicit and explicit-theoretical
approach to wisdom. With which of the following statements would
Sternberg agree? |
| | A) | Implicit-theoretical approaches strive for a psychologically
true account of wisdom. |
| | B) | Explicit-theoretical approaches are based on a formal theory
of wisdom. |
| | C) | Explicit-theoretical approaches focus on folk psychology. |
| | D) | Implicit-theoretical approaches are focused on standardized
tests. |
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