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| 1 | |
The romantic movement involved all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | a conviction that emotion and experience are the sources of the most profound truths. |
| | B) | a fascination with the power and mystery of nature. |
| | C) | a celebration of the genius that enabled certain people to convey profound insights through art. |
| | D) | a reaffirmation of the central importance of the scientific revolution and Enlightenment. |
| | E) | a preoccupation with erotic love, often unrequited. |
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| 2 | |
Romanticism was important for all of the following reasons EXCEPT |
| | A) | it nurtured a tremendous outpouring of creative activity in the arts. |
| | B) | it contributed to all three of the modern political ideologies: conservatism, liberalism, and socialism. |
| | C) | it shattered the hold of religion and mysticism on the European mind. |
| | D) | it counterbalanced the rationality and discipline of the scientific world view in modern culture. |
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| 3 | |
Edmund Burke's conservatism rejected rationally conceived reform efforts because it held that |
| | A) | "natural" historical development is more reliable than "artificial" plans. |
| | B) | government regulation is the cause, not the cure, of most social problems. |
| | C) | the social order is divinely ordained and cannot change. |
| | D) | privilege is the just reward for superior performance. |
| | E) | human nature was fatally flawed and such efforts were a waste of time. |
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| 4 | |
The classical political liberalism of the early nineteenth century valued which of the following most? |
| | A) | Special interests, like education and the poor. |
| | B) | Maximizing businessmen's profits. |
| | C) | free trade |
| | D) | Social justice. |
| | E) | individual liberty |
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| 5 | |
The classical economic liberalism of the early nineteenth century rested on the assumption that |
| | A) | the government should actively regulate the economy to promote stability and social justice. |
| | B) | individuals pursuing their own interests in a free marketplace will optimize economic activity. |
| | C) | left to its own devices, the "invisible hand" governing the marketplace will bring prosperity to everyone. |
| | D) | liberty in the marketplace included the liberty of workers to form unions to bargain collectively. |
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| 6 | |
Riccardo's "iron law of wages" extended the sphere of inexorable economic laws to |
| | A) | social relations. |
| | B) | international economics. |
| | C) | government spending. |
| | D) | metalworking technology. |
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| 7 | |
Utilitarianism changed the theoretical underpinnings of liberalism by |
| | A) | substituting maximization of pleasure and minimization of pain for natural rights as its basic justification. |
| | B) | establishing individual liberty as the ultimate purpose of government and source of all good in humanity. |
| | C) | substituting maximization of pleasure and minimization of pain for tradition as the basis for policies. |
| | D) | establishing individual liberty is in essence the maximization of pleasure and the minimization of pain. |
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| 8 | |
Utilitarianism, and John Stuart Mills' further thought, had what effect on the liberalism? |
| | A) | It began to advocate reforms for social justice to achieve the greatest good even at the cost of some liberty. |
| | B) | It began to advocate liberty for wider social groups in order to approach the ideal of complete freedom. |
| | C) | It ceased to consider the welfare of the common people as it became the justification for big business. |
| | D) | It began to advocate reforms for social justice as the essential means of achieving individual liberty. |
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| 9 | |
Saint-Simon, Fourier, and Owen had all of the following in common EXCEPT |
| | A) | they wanted to create communities in which all people could live well. |
| | B) | they were as opposed to liberalism as they were to the old order. |
| | C) | they embraced socialism, albeit with different models. |
| | D) | they were optimistic about human nature. |
| | E) | they were never able to put their ideas into practice. |
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| 10 | |
The aristocracy in the nineteenth century was |
| | A) | everywhere in steep decline as industrialization undercut the material bases of its power. |
| | B) | still dominant in industrialized western Europe and was wealthy and influential in the South and East. |
| | C) | still dominant in agrarian southern and eastern Europe and was wealthy and influential in the West. |
| | D) | paradoxically able to bolster its position as industrialization advanced through its political power. |
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| 11 | |
The peasantry was substantially affected by all of the following in the early nineteenth century EXCEPT |
| | A) | the commercialization of agriculture. |
| | B) | the consolidation of land-holding. |
| | C) | the decline of the putting-out system |
| | D) | the removal of feudal obligations. |
| | E) | the mechanization of agriculture. |
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| 12 | |
Factory workers, including children, typically worked |
| | A) | 8 hours a day, 5 days a week. |
| | B) | 10 hours a day, 5 days a week. |
| | C) | 12-14 hours a day, 6 days a week. |
| | D) | 14-17 hours a day, 6 days a week. |
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| 13 | |
The middle class included all of the following groups EXCEPT |
| | A) | artisans and substantial farmers. |
| | B) | shopkeepers, office clerks, and schoolteachers. |
| | C) | merchants, managers, upper bureaucrats, and professionals. |
| | D) | bankers and great industrialists. |
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| 14 | |
Europe's population rose from 185 million to 295 million (1800-1870) for all these reasons EXCEPT |
| | A) | increased opportunities for child labor. |
| | B) | a decline in disease-carrying germs. |
| | C) | an increase in the food supply. |
| | D) | a lowering of the age of marriage. |
| | E) | after 1870, some improvement in public sanitation. |
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| 15 | |
The rapid growth of huge cities in the early nineteenth century brought all of the following problems EXCEPT |
| | A) | inadequate sanitation. |
| | B) | abysmal housing. |
| | C) | traffic congestion. |
| | D) | rampant crime. |
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| 16 | |
The most effective social welfare measures came from |
| | A) | private charities. |
| | B) | self-help organizations. |
| | C) | labor unions. |
| | D) | business. |
| | E) | the government. |
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| 17 | |
While English landlords demanded rents and exported grain from Ireland, the potato famine killed |
| | A) | thousands of Irish peasants. |
| | B) | tens of thousands of Irish peasants. |
| | C) | hundreds of thousands of Irish peasants. |
| | D) | OVER ONE MILLION Irish peasants. |
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| 18 | |
English reforms in the 1830s included all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | The Reform Bill of 1832 broadening the suffrage and more equitably apportioning representation. |
| | B) | The abolition of slavery in its colonies, the Factory Act limiting child labor, and the Poor Law. |
| | C) | The repeal of the Corn Laws and the victory of the Chartists. |
| | D) | A law granting all resident taxpayers the vote in municipal elections. |
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| 19 | |
Of the Chartist call for full democracy and the campaign against the Corn Laws (tariffs keeping food costly) |
| | A) | both succeeded by 1850. |
| | B) | the Chartists succeeded but the Corn Laws remained. |
| | C) | the Corn Laws were repealed, but the Chartists failed. |
| | D) | neither passed because of a growing backlash against reform. |
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| 20 | |
The Revolution of 1830 in France had all of the following effects EXCEPT |
| | A) | toppling Charles X and bringing Louis Philippe to the throne. |
| | B) | sparking minor revolts in Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Germany. |
| | C) | precipitating a revolution in Poland that freed it from Russia. |
| | D) | inspiring Belgium to break free from the Netherlands. |
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