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| 1 | |
All of the following developments in popular culture occurred in the late nineteenth century EXCEPT |
| | A) | the professionalization of entertainment. |
| | B) | the institutionalization of leisure. |
| | C) | the regionalization of amusements. |
| | D) | the attainment of almost universal literacy. |
| | E) | women of all social classes took part in the world of mass leisure. |
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| 2 | |
Women's' organizations included all of the following types EXCEPT |
| | A) | moderate groups, which worked to amelioration of the conditions of women's lives. |
| | B) | women's trade unions, which fought for better pay and working conditions. |
| | C) | radical groups, which sought fundamental legal and social equality. |
| | D) | feminarchist groups, which sought to reverse the sex roles and subordinate men. |
| | E) | social work organizations that employed many middle class women. |
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| 3 | |
By 1910, women in major industrial countries had gained all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | increased rights to property. |
| | B) | a share in decisions affecting their children. |
| | C) | a right to participate in public affairs. |
| | D) | the right to vote. |
| | E) | better conditions in the workplace. |
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| 4 | |
During this period, the dominant trend in the arts was from meticulous reproduction of external reality to |
| | A) | criticism of contemporary society and its mores. |
| | B) | depiction of the artists' subjective perceptions. |
| | C) | expression of the artist's interior emotions. |
| | D) | experimentation with abstract form and color. |
| | E) | a harkening back to a bygone "golden age." |
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| 5 | |
Marx's relationship with other socialists can best be characterized as |
| | A) | warm collegiality. |
| | B) | doctrinaire combativeness. |
| | C) | cool indifference. |
| | D) | fawning obsequiousness. |
| | E) | political isolation. |
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| 6 | |
As socialist parties became important in Europe, they gradually developed |
| | A) | more moderate rhetoric combined with more moderate policies. |
| | B) | more moderate rhetoric to mask their radical policies. |
| | C) | a combination of radical rhetoric and moderate policies. |
| | D) | a combination of radical rhetoric and radical policies. |
| | E) | less and less influence in the trade unions movement. |
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| 7 | |
Churches attacked liberalism on all of the following grounds EXCEPT |
| | A) | it put too much emphasis on the individual. |
| | B) | it was indifferent to moral issues. |
| | C) | it failed to uphold the rights of property. |
| | D) | it put too much emphasis on material things. |
| | E) | the growing claims on the state in education and welfare. |
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| 8 | |
The intellectual attack on liberal civilization was led by all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | Sorel, who rejected bourgeois rationalism in favor of violence and the will. |
| | B) | Bergson, who rejected reason in favor of feelings, spontaneity, and common endeavor. |
| | C) | Nietzsche, who attacked its Christian "slave morality" and emphasized will and uninhibited supermen. |
| | D) | Thiers, who argued that liberal civilization would have to adopt the violence of its foes to defend itself. |
| | E) | Marx, who argued that the liberal state's buttressing was exploitive and ultimately doomed. |
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| 9 | |
Anti-Semitism increased during this period for all of the following reasons EXCEPT |
| | A) | Jews were identified in the popular mind with the dislocations and inequities of modern society. |
| | B) | a secret Jewish congress had met to organize a conspiracy to take over control of the world. |
| | C) | crude adaptations of Darwinism gave a veneer of scientific respectability to ancient antipathies. |
| | D) | conspiracy theories gave concrete and simple explanations for the baffling pace of social change. |
| | E) | partly continued centuries-old prejudices but with a modern veneer. |
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| 10 | |
Political conservatism was supported by all of the following social groups EXCEPT |
| | A) | the peasantry, which was threatened both by rising equipment costs and foreign competition. |
| | B) | the aristocracy, which saw its traditional power eroded by the rise of businessmen and professionals. |
| | C) | the church which often found itself defending established institutions. |
| | D) | shopkeepers and independent artisans, who faced the competition of large retailers and factories. |
| | E) | the workers, who wanted to return to the security and prosperity of the early nineteenth century. |
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| 11 | |
All of the following were examples of the increasing scale of social organizations in this period EXCEPT |
| | A) | the expansion and bureaucratization of the civil service. |
| | B) | the growth and organization of the Catholic Church. |
| | C) | the appearance of big businesses and the organization of cartels. |
| | D) | the growth of labor unions and professional societies. |
| | E) | professional associations set standards, lobbied government, and conferred prestige on the professions. |
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| 12 | |
The turmoil following Napoleon III's defeat was resolved by |
| | A) | the suppression of the Paris Commune. |
| | B) | the founding of the Third Republic. |
| | C) | the restoration of Charles X's Bourbon monarchy. |
| | D) | the restoration of Louis Philippe's Orleans dynasty. |
| | E) | a declaration of war against Prussia. |
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| 13 | |
The Dreyfus affair was important because |
| | A) | the conservatives lost prestige when it was shown that they were vilifying an innocent man. |
| | B) | the liberals lost prestige when it was shown that they were defending a guilty man. |
| | C) | the conservatives lost prestige when people realized that they were acting out of anti-Semitism. |
| | D) | the liberals lost prestige when people realized that they were defending a Jew. |
| | E) | it provided conservative activists with a unifying issue. |
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| 14 | |
The fundamental political flaw in Imperial Germany was that |
| | A) | it had a conservative monarchy, which grew frustrated that power was held by the liberal parliament. |
| | B) | it had an increasingly liberal parliament, but ultimate power was held by the conservative monarchy. |
| | C) | it had never been resolved where ultimate power lay: in the hands of the parliament or the monarchy. |
| | D) | it was so dominated by conservatives that it refused to make any concessions to businessmen or workers. |
| | E) | a military cabal made both domestic and foreign policy for the nation. |
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| 15 | |
Germany's conservatives used political leagues to campaign for all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | high tariffs. |
| | B) | an overseas empire. |
| | C) | the creation of a world-class navy. |
| | D) | to attack political opponents. |
| | E) | the extension of social welfare programs. |
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| 16 | |
The socialist's strength in Germany was shown by all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | the Social Democratic party became the largest in 1912. |
| | B) | the labor unions had 2.5 million members in 1912. |
| | C) | the Social Democrats were secure enough to adopt Bernstein's moderate policy. |
| | D) | the Social Democrats sustained an extensive workers' subculture. |
| | E) | the Social Democrats maintained their own newspapers. |
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| 17 | |
The basic flaw in Italian politics was that the government had difficulty pursuing popular programs because it |
| | A) | was elected by the wealthy and had to cut deals with special interests to keep its parliamentary majority. |
| | B) | was committed to modernizing the nation while balancing the budget. |
| | C) | found it necessary to become increasingly restrictive as time went on. |
| | D) | continually faced disasters in foreign policy that distracted it from domestic affairs. |
| | E) | was dominated by a military leadership that was out of touch with the citizenry. |
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| 18 | |
Reforms were forced on Nicholas II of Russia by all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | the ignominious defeat by the Japanese in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904. |
| | B) | "Bloody Sunday," the incident which touched off the Revolution of 1905. |
| | C) | a general strike that brought the nation's economy to a standstill. |
| | D) | the "October Manifesto" which granted the nation a constitution. |
| | E) | mutinies in both the army and navy. |
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| 19 | |
Russian politics after the Revolution of 1905 were characterized by all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | a parliament, the Duma, which gave the nation its first taste of representative government. |
| | B) | repeated disbanding of the Duma and tinkering with the electoral laws to produce a conservative majority. |
| | C) | concessions to the middle class and workers that moved Russia quickly into the European mainstream. |
| | D) | reforms initiated by the government of education, administration, local government, and the economy. |
| | E) | educational and administrative reforms undertaken by the prime minister, Peter Stolypin. |
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| 20 | |
Austria-Hungary's politics during this period can best be described as |
| | A) | stalemated. |
| | B) | progressive. |
| | C) | regressive. |
| | D) | vigorous. |
| | E) | weak. |
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