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| 1 | |
Italy's geography is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | the peninsula is bisected by the Apennine mountain range. |
| | B) | the mountains divide the land into many small valleys. |
| | C) | in the north, the Po River runs through a large, fertile valley. |
| | D) | the mountains are so gentle that they can be used for pasturing. |
| | E) | the mountains made the task of forging national unity a difficult one. |
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| 2 | |
After throwing off Etruscan rule around 500 b.c., Roman government included all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | two consuls, elected annually. |
| | B) | a Senate consisting of men who had held elected office. |
| | C) | three assemblies that included all adult male citizens. |
| | D) | a dictator, whose term of office was limited to one year. |
| | E) | the occasional appointment of a "dictator" whose term was six months. |
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| 3 | |
The outcome of the "Struggle of the Orders" between 494 and 287 b.c. was |
| | A) | the patrician class was able to stifle all attempts at reform by assassinating plebeian leaders. |
| | B) | the plebeians destroyed patrician dominance and installed direct control of the government by the masses. |
| | C) | the patricians made significant concessions that did not fundamentally compromise their dominance. |
| | D) | the plebeians wrested control of the state, but left the patricians significant ceremonial functions. |
| | E) | the abolition of slavery within the Roman Republic but not in the territories. |
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| 4 | |
Women's status in Republican Rome changed in which of the following ways? |
| | A) | Though originally subordinate to a rigid patriarchy, they gradually won significant, if still limited, freedoms. |
| | B) | Though originally relatively autonomous, they found themselves subjected to increasing patriarchal controls. |
| | C) | Though originally subordinate to a rigid patriarchy, they eventually won extensive political and civil rights. |
| | D) | Though originally relatively autonomous, they successfully maintained their position as Roman society changed. |
| | E) | Though originally forbidden from owning land, all land was now passed down from mother to daughter. |
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| 5 | |
Roman expansion in Italy was characterized by |
| | A) | brutal disregard for the rights of the conquered people. |
| | B) | an unbroken series of successful campaigns of conquest. |
| | C) | integration of conquered states into the Roman federation. |
| | D) | reliance on diplomacy rather than military conquest. |
| | E) | brutal occupation of subject territories. |
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| 6 | |
The outcome of the Punic Wars was |
| | A) | Rome and Carthage divided control of the western Mediterranean. |
| | B) | Rome took the western Mediterranean while Carthage retained the Eastern half. |
| | C) | Rome destroyed Carthage and took control of the western Mediterranean. |
| | D) | Rome turned to conquest in the eastern Mediterranean when it was unable to defeat Carthage. |
| | E) | the sacking of Rome by the Carthaginian general Hannibal. |
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| 7 | |
The Roman conquest of the eastern Mediterranean |
| | A) | occurred piecemeal as one conquest generated conflicts that led to further conquests. |
| | B) | occurred in one fell swoop when Rome defeated the Hellenistic Kingdom at Magnesia. |
| | C) | spared Greece, whose independent culture the Romans held in particularly high regard. |
| | D) | led to political reforms in the conquered states that ended their chronic corruption. |
| | E) | contributed to the renewal of Athenian nationalism. |
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| 8 | |
Roman conquest of the Mediterranean was based on all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | the military weakness of its enemies. |
| | B) | a corrupt but efficient system of taxation. |
| | C) | absolute rule of overseas provinces by Roman governors. |
| | D) | a powerful and resilient military machine. |
| | E) | an excellent diplomatic corps that was capable of annexing troublesome clients such as Greece. |
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| 9 | |
The poverty that led to the Gracchi brothers' reform efforts resulted from all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | the wars with Carthage had ravaged the countryside and brought the farmers to financial ruin. |
| | B) | citizens who profited from the wars bought out the farmers, forcing them to become landless laborers. |
| | C) | slaves captured in the wars of conquest undercut the wage structure for free workers. |
| | D) | the requirement that men buy their own arms and armor, which limited opportunities in the legions. |
| | E) | a growing pool of permanently unemployed was trapped in a self-perpetuating cycle of economic misery. |
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| 10 | |
Gaius Marius redirected the loyalty of the Roman soldiers from the state to their generals by |
| | A) | opening recruitment to propertyless men and securing booty and land for them. |
| | B) | tightening recruitment to only men of property and suppressing the Italian rebellion. |
| | C) | enlisting masses of slaves who had no roots in Rome and no prospects beyond the success of their patron. |
| | D) | leading them on campaigns of conquest that made each of them master of numerous foreign slaves. |
| | E) | reorganizing military recruitment in order to benefit from the best-trained professionals. |
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| 11 | |
Lucius Cornelius Sulla did all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | lead an army into Rome for the first time to secure political power. |
| | B) | make himself dictator without the usual six-month time limit. |
| | C) | enact conservative reforms increasing the power of the Senate. |
| | D) | abolish the minimum ages at which a man could hold offices. |
| | E) | had thousands of his political opponents executed. |
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| 12 | |
Pompey accomplished all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | he had himself elected as the first dictator for life. |
| | B) | he established a system of client kings in smaller states. |
| | C) | he reversed many of the reforms enacted by Sulla. |
| | D) | he suppressed piracy and resettled many pirates onto farms. |
| | E) | he was the youngest general elected consul in the history of Rome. |
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| 13 | |
Julius Caesar extended Rome's control over |
| | A) | Spain. |
| | B) | Syria. |
| | C) | Armenia. |
| | D) | Germany. |
| | E) | Gaul. |
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| 14 | |
To secure his power, Julius Caesar did all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | style himself as champion of the people. |
| | B) | lead an army on Rome. |
| | C) | make himself dictator for life. |
| | D) | ruthlessly persecute his enemies. |
| | E) | build alliances with potential rivals. |
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| 15 | |
Julius Caesar was killed by |
| | A) | aristocrats, who resented his usurpation of their traditional dominance of the state. |
| | B) | plebeians, who wanted revenge for his ruthless suppression of popular rights. |
| | C) | rival generals, who hoped to gain his power for themselves. |
| | D) | his officers, who felt he had neglected them after they helped him gain power. |
| | E) | Egyptian assassins who vowed to rid their country of the Roman menace. |
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| 16 | |
The Second Triumvirate included all of the following: |
| | A) | Mark Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus. |
| | B) | Octavian, Cassius, and Mark Antony. |
| | C) | Brutus, Cassius, and Octavian. |
| | D) | Marcus Lepidus, Octavian, and Cassius. |
| | E) | Gaius Cassius, Brutus, and Lepidus. |
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| 17 | |
Octavian ultimately won control over Rome by |
| | A) | humbling the Senate. |
| | B) | convincing the Senate to support his takeover. |
| | C) | taking control of each province in turn. |
| | D) | reorganizing the armies to include non-Romans. |
| | E) | defeating Antony and Cleopatra. |
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| 18 | |
Octavian secured his control over Rome by all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | restoring the Republic while dominating it behind the scenes. |
| | B) | gaining the powers and populist stature of a tribune. |
| | C) | securing command of most of the army. |
| | D) | creating the powerful office of "Augustus" for himself. |
| | E) | placing governors loyal to him in key imperial positions. |
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| 19 | |
During his reign, Augustus accomplished all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | ending the series of civil wars. |
| | B) | establishing secure borders. |
| | C) | providing cash payments from the public treasury to soldiers who had served for twenty years. |
| | D) | advancing the rights of women. |
| | E) | deifying the office of emperor. |
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| 20 | |
In the early Roman republic, public religion was |
| | A) | largely based on Near Eastern forms and rituals. |
| | B) | closely connected with the interests of the state. |
| | C) | largely apolitical and focused predominantly on the afterlife. |
| | D) | based on liberal, modernizing values often at odds with the general population. |
| | E) | eventually exported to all sections of the empire. |
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