1. "Barbarian" peoples invaded Roman territories, merging their own institutions and culture with those of the declining Roman civilization.
2. The Eastern Roman Empire survived and evolved into the long-lasting Byzantine Empire.
3. Commerce and industry decreased, and Europe became a peasant society organized around single-family farms organized in nucleated villages on estates held by landlords.
4. The Christian Church, through the growth of the Roman papacy, monasticism, and missionary activity, maintained and spread Roman traditions of social order and Classical culture.
5. The Franks and Anglo-Saxons created kingdoms from which modern France and England would grow.
