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| 1 | |
Which of the following theories proposed by Whittaker explains the distribution pattern of plants and animals on an environmental gradient? |
| | A) | Competing species exclude one another along sharp boundaries but do not become organized into groups of species with parallel distributions. |
| | B) | Competition does not usually produce sharp boundaries between species, and the adaptation of species to similar physical variables does not produce well-defined groups of species with similar distributions. |
| | C) | Competing species, including dominant plants, exclude one another along sharp boundaries. |
| | D) | Competing species, including dominant plants, exclude one another along sharp boundaries. Other species evolve toward a close, perhaps mutually beneficial association with the dominant species. |
| | E) | All of the choices are theories presented by Whittaker as explanations of the distribution patterns of plants and animals along an environmental gradient. |
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| 2 | |
Arrange the following geographic locations in order of most likely species richness from lowest to highest.
i: Mountains
ii: Arctic Zone
iii: Tropics |
| | A) | i; ii; iii |
| | B) | ii; iii; i |
| | C) | iii; i; ii |
| | D) | i; iii; ii |
| | E) | ii; i; iii |
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| 3 | |
Which of the following hypothesis suggests that the greater the plant production in a community, the greater the species richness? |
| | A) | Area hypothesis |
| | B) | Species-area effect |
| | C) | Productivity hypothesis |
| | D) | Intermediate-disturbance hypothesis |
| | E) | Time hypothesis |
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| 4 | |
True or False: Community stability is believed to be achieved when little or no change occurs in the number of species or their abundance over a given time period. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 5 | |
Which one of the following is an example of primary succession? |
| | A) | Farming land that had been cleared of forests |
| | B) | Growth following a volcanic eruption |
| | C) | Recovery after a hurricane or tsunami |
| | D) | Farming land that had been cleared of forests and recovery after a hurricane or tsunami |
| | E) | Farming land that had been cleared of forests, growth following a volcanic eruption, and recovery after a hurricane or tsunami |
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| 6 | |
Which of the following would not be considered a factor in facilitation of successive species? |
| | A) | Increase in nitrogen content in soil from bacteria |
| | B) | Increase in shade availability due to tree growth |
| | C) | Increase in prey animals due to increased food sources |
| | D) | Increase in nitrogen content in soil from bacteria and increase in shade availability due to tree growth |
| | E) | Increase in nitrogen content in soil from bacteria, increase in shade availability due to tree growth, and increase in prey animals due to increased food sources |
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| 7 | |
List in order from beginning to end the primary succession pattern observed at Glacier Bay, Alaska.
I: Alder stage
II: Spruce Stage
III: Pioneer stage
IV: Dryas stage |
| | A) | II: III: IV: I |
| | B) | III: IV: II: I |
| | C) | I: II: III: IV |
| | D) | III: IV: I: II |
| | E) | II: IV: I: III |
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| 8 | |
Which of Whittakers hypotheses was demonstrated to explain the distribution of plants and animals along an environmental gradient? |
| | A) | Physical variables cause distinct boundaries between species. |
| | B) | Competition causes sharp boundaries between groups of species. |
| | C) | Physical variables cause distinct boundaries between groups of species. |
| | D) | Physical variables cause distinct boundaries between individuals in a group. |
| | E) | Competition causes sharp boundaries between species. |
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| 9 | |
True or False: The time hypothesis suggests that communities increase diversity and species richness grows over time. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 10 | |
The idea that more energy permits the existence of more species is most accurately referred to as the |
| | A) | time hypothesis. |
| | B) | area hypothesis. |
| | C) | productivity hypothesis. |
| | D) | organismic model. |
| | E) | individualistic model. |
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| 11 | |
Which one of the following represents a value for a Shannon Diversity Index most likely calculated from a real population? |
| | A) | 0.000 |
| | B) | 0.593 |
| | C) | 1.424 |
| | D) | 3.179 |
| | E) | 6.596 |
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| 12 | |
The identification and analysis of the collective microbial genomes contained in a community is most accurately referred to as |
| | A) | metabolomics. |
| | B) | bioinformatics. |
| | C) | proteomics. |
| | D) | genomics. |
| | E) | metagenomics. |
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| 13 | |
The most diverse communities exist at _____________ levels of disturbance; this is a concept referred to as the ____________. |
| | A) | intermediate; intermediate disturbance hypothesis |
| | B) | the highest; diversity-stability hypothesis |
| | C) | intermediate; diversity-stability hypothesis |
| | D) | the lowest; intermediate disturbance hypothesis |
| | E) | the lowest; diversity-stability hypothesis |
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| 14 | |
Which of the following statements about succession is incorrect? |
| | A) | Each phase of succession is referred to as a seral stage. |
| | B) | A large proportion of the Earth's surface is believed to currently be undergoing primary succession. |
| | C) | The end point of succession is referred to as a climax community. |
| | D) | Human intervention, such as addition of pesticides and herbicides, can influence the rate and extent of succession. |
| | E) | All of the statements about succession are correct. |
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| 15 | |
Match the mechanism of succession on the left with the appropriate description on the right.
| i: Facilitation | A: newly exposed site that previously supported life | | ii: Primary | B: colonization by new species supported by colonization of previous species | | ii: Secondary | C: newly exposed site not previously supporting life |
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| | A) | i = c; ii = b; iii = a |
| | B) | i = b; ii = a; iii = c |
| | C) | i = b; ii = c; iii = a |
| | D) | i = a; ii = c; iii = b |
| | E) | i = a; ii = b; iii = c |
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| 16 | |
Which one of the following species would be least likely to colonize bare earth in the pioneer stage following glacier retreat? |
| | A) | Cyanobacteria |
| | B) | Horsetail |
| | C) | Lichens |
| | D) | Alder |
| | E) | Moss |
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| 17 | |
True or False: Factors that influence succession on islands are most likely restricted to only facilitation and tolerance. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 18 | |
Which one of the following is not a prediction of the island biogeography model? |
| | A) | The turnover of species should be minimal. |
| | B) | Immigration rates should be greater on islands nearer the source pool. |
| | C) | The number of species should increase on islands of increasing size. |
| | D) | Extinction rates should be greater on smaller islands. |
| | E) | All of the choices are predictions of the island biogeography model. |
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| 19 | |
Wilson and Simberloff's experiments to test the predictions of the island biogeography model demonstrated which of the following factors to be the most supportive of the model? |
| | A) | area |
| | B) | distance |
| | C) | species turnover |
| | D) | Area and distance |
| | E) | Area, distance, and species turnover |
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| 20 | |
True or False: The principles of island biogeography can be applied to wildlife preserves as well as smaller bodies of land surrounded by water. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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