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| 1 | |
__________ pairs of cranial nerves originate from the brain, and __________ pairs of spinal nerves originate from the spinal cord. |
| | A) | Two, twelve |
| | B) | Eight, twenty-four |
| | C) | Twelve, thirty-one |
| | D) | Fifteen, thirty-six |
| | E) | Sixteen, thirty-eight |
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| 2 | |
The part of the efferent division of the nervous system that transmits impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands is the |
| | A) | somatic motor nervous system |
| | B) | somatic sensory division |
| | C) | visceral sensory division |
| | D) | autonomic nervous system |
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| 3 | |
Collections of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS are called |
| | A) | ganglia. |
| | B) | nerves. |
| | C) | nerve tracts. |
| | D) | nuclei. |
| | E) | glands. |
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| 4 | |
The major site for processing information and integrating mental processes is the |
| | A) | ANS (parasympathetic division). |
| | B) | ANS (sympathetic division). |
| | C) | CNS. |
| | D) | PNS. |
| | E) | somatic motor nervous system. |
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| 5 | |
In a neuron, the nucleus and chromatophilic substance are located in the |
| | A) | axon. |
| | B) | dendrites. |
| | C) | neuron cell body. |
| | D) | terminal boutons. |
| | E) | collateral axon. |
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| 6 | |
Axons end by branching to form small extensions with enlarged ends. The enlarged ends are called |
| | A) | dendrites. |
| | B) | neuron cell bodies. |
| | C) | presynaptic terminals. |
| | D) | postsynaptic membranes. |
| | E) | axon hillocks. |
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| 7 | |
Neuroglia cells with cytoplasmic extensions that form sheaths around axons in the CNS are called |
| | A) | astrocytes. |
| | B) | ependymal cells. |
| | C) | microglia. |
| | D) | oligodendrocytes. |
| | E) | Schwann cells. |
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| 8 | |
Which of these cell types produce and help circulate cerebrospinal fluid? |
| | A) | astrocytes |
| | B) | microglia |
| | C) | ependymal cells |
| | D) | Schwann cells |
| | E) | oligodendrocytes |
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| 9 | |
Which of these ions have ligand-gated channels in the plasma membrane of nerve and muscle cells? |
| | A) | Cl- ions |
| | B) | K+ ions |
| | C) | Na+ ions |
| | D) | Ca2+ ions |
| | E) | all of these |
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| 10 | |
In a resting cell, the resting membrane potential is between -70mV and -90mV. This occurs because |
| | A) | there are extra Na+ ions outside the plasma membrane, and extra Cl- ions inside the plasma membrane. |
| | B) | Na+ ions move with the concentration gradient to the outside of the cell. |
| | C) | some K+ ions diffuse to immediately outside the plasma membrane. |
| | D) | large protein ions diffuse to immediately outside the plasma membrane. |
| | E) | fewer Ca2+ ions inside the plasma membrane make the inside more negative. |
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| 11 | |
The sodium-potassium exchange pump transports __________ Na+ ions and __________ K+ ions for every ATP molecule used. |
| | A) | 1,2 |
| | B) | 2,2 |
| | C) | 2,3 |
| | D) | 3,2 |
| | E) | 3,3 |
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| 12 | |
If there is an increase in extracellular K+ ion concentration, the result is |
| | A) | depolarization of the plasma membrane. |
| | B) | hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane. |
| | C) | little, if any, change in the resting membrane potential of the plasma membrane. |
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| 13 | |
If the permeability of the plasma membrane to K+ ions increases, the result is |
| | A) | depolarization of the plasma membrane. |
| | B) | hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane. |
| | C) | little, if any, change in the resting membrane potential of the plasma membrane. |
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| 14 | |
If there is an increase in the extracellular Na+ ion concentration, the result is |
| | A) | depolarization of the plasma membrane. |
| | B) | hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane. |
| | C) | little, if any, change in the resting membrane potential of the plasma membrane. |
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| 15 | |
Voltage-gated Na+ ion channels are sensitive to changes in the extracellular concentration of |
| | A) | Ca2+ ions. |
| | B) | Cl- ions. |
| | C) | K+ ions. |
| | D) | proteins. |
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| 16 | |
Small depolarizations of the plasma membrane, regardless of the cause of the depolarization, cause |
| | A) | voltage-gated K+ ion channels to close. |
| | B) | voltage-gated Na+ ion channels to open. |
| | C) | voltage-gated Ca2+ ion channels to open. |
| | D) | voltage-gated Cl- ion channels to open. |
| | E) | both a and b |
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| 17 | |
Which of these processes can cause a local potential? |
| | A) | changes in membrane permeability |
| | B) | ligands binding to their receptors |
| | C) | mechanical stimulation |
| | D) | changes in the charge across the plasma membrane |
| | E) | all of these |
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| 18 | |
Action potentials occur when the local potential |
| | A) | becomes more negative. |
| | B) | reaches zero. |
| | C) | reaches the threshold. |
| | D) | remains constant for a considerable period of time. |
| | E) | causes a hyperpolarization. |
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| 19 | |
When the plasma membrane is at rest, activation gates of the voltage-gated Na+ ion channels are __________ and inactivation gates are __________ . |
| | A) | closed, closed |
| | B) | closed, open |
| | C) | open, closed |
| | D) | open, open |
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| 20 | |
The depolarization phase of the action potential begins when |
| | A) | Na+ ions move into the cell. |
| | B) | K+ ions move into the cell. |
| | C) | Na+ ions move out of the cell. |
| | D) | K+ ions move out of the cell. |
| | E) | both a and b |
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| 21 | |
The repolarization phase of the action potential occurs because |
| | A) | voltage-gated Na+ ion channels open. |
| | B) | voltage-gated K+ ion channels open. |
| | C) | voltage-gated Na+ ion channels close. |
| | D) | voltage-gated K+ ion channels close. |
| | E) | both b and c |
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| 22 | |
For the resting membrane potential to be reestablished after a series of action potentials, |
| | A) | activation gates of voltage-gated Na+ ion channels are closed. |
| | B) | inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+ ion channels are open. |
| | C) | voltage-gated K+ ion channels are closed. |
| | D) | the sodium-potassium exchange pump is functioning. |
| | E) | all of these |
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| 23 | |
The afterpotential is a period |
| | A) | of increased depolarization. |
| | B) | of hyperpolarization. |
| | C) | when the cell is completely insensitive to additional stimuli. |
| | D) | when a second action potential occurs. |
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| 24 | |
The absolute refractory period ends when the activation gates of voltage-gated Na+ ion channels are __________ , and inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+ ion channels are __________ . |
| | A) | closed, closed |
| | B) | closed, open |
| | C) | open, closed |
| | D) | open, open |
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| 25 | |
The relative refractory period |
| | A) | occurs before the absolute refractory period. |
| | B) | continues until voltage-gated Na+ ion channels close. |
| | C) | continues until voltage-gated K+ ion channels close. |
| | D) | continues until voltage-gated Ca2+ ion channels close. |
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| 26 | |
A stimulus just strong enough to produce a single action potential is a |
| | A) | maximal stimulus. |
| | B) | subthreshold stimulus. |
| | C) | supramaximal stimulus. |
| | D) | threshold stimulus. |
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| 27 | |
During saltatory conduction, action potentials jump from |
| | A) | one astrocyte to another. |
| | B) | an axon to a dendrite. |
| | C) | one internode to another. |
| | D) | one node of Ranvier to another. |
| | E) | one microglia cell to another. |
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| 28 | |
Of these nerve fibers, which conduct action potentials the SLOWEST? |
| | A) | myelinated nerve fibers |
| | B) | large-diameter fibers |
| | C) | type B fibers |
| | D) | type C fibers |
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| 29 | |
The axons that make up the white matter of the CNS form |
| | A) | endoneurium. |
| | B) | epineurium. |
| | C) | ganglia. |
| | D) | nerve fascicles. |
| | E) | nerve tracts. |
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| 30 | |
The outer layer of gray matter of the brain is called the |
| | A) | cortex. |
| | B) | ganglia. |
| | C) | fascicle. |
| | D) | nuclei. |
| | E) | perineurium. |
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| 31 | |
In nervous tissue, a nucleus is defined as a collection of |
| | A) | myelinated axons in the CNS. |
| | B) | gray matter in the PNS. |
| | C) | gray matter in the CNS. |
| | D) | white matter in the PNS. |
| | E) | axons in the PNS. |
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| 32 | |
At the synapse, synaptic vesicles are found in the |
| | A) | postsynaptic cell. |
| | B) | presynaptic cell. |
| | C) | synaptic cleft. |
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| 33 | |
After being released, neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the |
| | A) | postsynaptic membrane. |
| | B) | neuromodulators. |
| | C) | synaptic cleft. |
| | D) | synaptic vesicle. |
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| 34 | |
Acetylcholinesterase, monoamine oxidase (MAO), and catechol-O-methyltransferase are |
| | A) | neurotransmitters. |
| | B) | enzymes that break down neurotransmitters. |
| | C) | enzymes that act as neuromodulators. |
| | D) | enzymes that could produce an EPSP. |
| | E) | substances that could produce an IPSP. |
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| 35 | |
Which of these is NOT a neurotransmitter? |
| | A) | glutamate |
| | B) | norepinephrine |
| | C) | acetylcholine |
| | D) | myelin |
| | E) | dopamine |
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| 36 | |
Which of these characteristics can be produced by an EPSP? |
| | A) | local hyperpolarization |
| | B) | decreased excitability of neuron |
| | C) | increased permeability of postsynaptic membrane to K+ and Cl- ions |
| | D) | local depolarization |
| | E) | all of these |
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| 37 | |
If a neurotransmitter binds to receptor molecules that open K+ ion channels, the result is |
| | A) | an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). |
| | B) | an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). |
| | C) | no change. |
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| 38 | |
When two action potentials arrive in very close succession at a single presynaptic terminal, |
| | A) | an IPSP is produced. |
| | B) | the second action potential cancels the first. |
| | C) | spatial summation occurs. |
| | D) | temporal summation occurs. |
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| 39 | |
If an action potential that results in an IPSP and an action potential that results in an EPSP both reach a postsynaptic membrane at the same time, the most likely result is |
| | A) | an action potential in the postsynaptic cell. |
| | B) | two action potentials in the postsynaptic cell. |
| | C) | no action potential in the postsynaptic cell. |
| | D) | a reverse action potential in both presynaptic cells. |
| | E) | temporal summation. |
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| 40 | |
Which of these combinations represents a convergent pathway in the nervous system? |
| | A) | One presynaptic neuron synapses with four postsynaptic neurons. |
| | B) | One presynaptic neuron synapses with one postsynaptic neuron. |
| | C) | Three presynaptic neurons synapse with one postsynaptic neuron. |
| | D) | An afferent neuron synapses with an association neuron. |
| | E) | Collateral axons from a presynaptic neuron synapse with several postsynaptic neurons. |
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