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| 2 | |
The cisterna chyli is |
| | A) | the point at which lymph is returned to venous blood |
| | B) | a dilation at the beginning of the thoracic duct |
| | C) | the embryonic thymus gland |
| | D) | the array of lacteals associated with the small intestine |
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| 3 | |
Which of the following correctly lists the structures according to the sequence of fluid flow? |
| | A) | lymphatic capillaries, interstitial spaces, blood capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic ducts, subclavian veins |
| | B) | blood capillaries, lymphatic vessels, interstitial spaces, lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic ducts, subclavian veins |
| | C) | blood capillaries, interstitial spaces, lymphatic capillaries, lympatic ducts, lymphatic vessels, subclavian veins |
| | D) | blood capillaries, interstitial spaces, lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic ducts, subclavian veins |
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| 4 | |
One known function of the cells of the thymus is to |
| | A) | produce and secrete thymic hormones |
| | B) | produce and secrete antibodies |
| | C) | act as antigen-presenting cells |
| | D) | produce and secrete interleukin-1 |
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| 5 | |
The thoracic lymphatic duct empties into the
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| | A) | right lymphatic duct |
| | B) | cisterna chyli |
| | C) | left subclavian vein |
| | D) | ventricles of the brain |
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| 6 | |
The structure of a lymphatic vessel is most similar to that of
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| | A) | an artery |
| | B) | an arteriole |
| | C) | a vein |
| | D) | a capillary |
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| 7 | |
The two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks are the |
| | A) | thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct |
| | B) | lumbar duct and left lymphatic duct |
| | C) | intestinal duct and left intercostal duct |
| | D) | bronchomediastinal duct and subclavian duct |
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| 8 | |
The formation of lymph increases as a result of |
| | A) | increasing osmotic pressure in blood capillaries |
| | B) | increasing osmotic pressure in tissue fluid |
| | C) | decreasing volume of tissue fluid |
| | D) | decreasing protein concentration in tissue fluid |
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| 9 | |
The lymph nodes of the axillary region receive lymph mainly from the |
| | A) | scalp and face |
| | B) | arm and mammary gland |
| | C) | thoracic viscera |
| | D) | abdominal viscera |
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| 10 | |
Lymph differs from plasma in that |
| | A) | lymph contains more protein than plasma |
| | B) | plasma contains more protein than lymph |
| | C) | lymph contains white blood cells, whereas plasma does not |
| | D) | lymph and plasma are essentially the same |
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| 11 | |
Lymph nodes occur in groups throughout the body except in the |
| | A) | lungs |
| | B) | central nervous system |
| | C) | mesentery |
| | D) | inguinal connective tissues |
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| 12 | |
If lymphatic tissue is removed from an axillary region, the arm on that side is likely to |
| | A) | have a deficient blood supply |
| | B) | have an excessive blood supply |
| | C) | become edematous |
| | D) | lose tissue fluid |
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| 13 | |
Tissue fluid is _____ and lymph is _______. |
| | A) | forced out of lymph vessels; absorbed into lymph vessels |
| | B) | forced out of blood plasma; absorbed into blood capillaries |
| | C) | generally rich in proteins; rich in proteins and foreign particles |
| | D) | forced out of blood plasma and generally lacking in proteins; absorbed into lymph capillaries and rich in proteins and foreign particles |
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| 14 | |
The structure of a lymph node can be described as |
| | A) | being divided into compartments that contain masses of lymphocytes and macrophages |
| | B) | afferent vessels circulating lymph into the node on its convex surface |
| | C) | efferent vessels circulating lymph out of the node at its hilus |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 15 | |
Which of the following is not a function of the spleen? |
| | A) | site of stem cell maturation into T and B cells |
| | B) | destruction of blood-borne pathogens by macrophages |
| | C) | removal of worn-out blood cells and platelets by macrophages |
| | D) | storage of platelets |
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| 16 | |
The ability of T-lymphocytes to recognize self from non-self antigens is developed in the |
| | A) | plasma cells |
| | B) | spleen |
| | C) | thymus |
| | D) | liver |
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| 17 | |
Which person most likely has the largest thymus gland? |
| | A) | a third trimester fetus |
| | B) | a two-year-old |
| | C) | a 12-year-old |
| | D) | a 25-year-old |
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| 18 | |
The spleen is much like a lymph node except that the spleen |
| | A) | does not store lymphocytes |
| | B) | filters lymph |
| | C) | filters blood |
| | D) | does not contain phagocytes |
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| 19 | |
Which of the following is not a function of lymph nodes? |
| | A) | production of lymphocytes |
| | B) | production of plasma proteins |
| | C) | filtration of cellular debris |
| | D) | filtration of foreign particles |
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| 20 | |
The spleen can be described as |
| | A) | a bilobed organ located in the mediastinum |
| | B) | resembling a large lymph node |
| | C) | functioning to produce T-lymphocytes |
| | D) | functioning to produce B-lymphocytes |
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| 21 | |
People that are confined to bed for long periods of time often develop edema because |
| | A) | their blood pressure becomes elevated, forcing more fluid into interstitial spaces as blood hydrostatic pressure rises |
| | B) | lack of motor activity leads to reduced sympathetic stimulation to lympathic vessels, so lymph tends to pool |
| | C) | without skeletal muscle contraction to force lymph through lymphatic vessels, fluid tends to accumulate in the interstitial spaces |
| | D) | reduced vasomotor tone allows proteins to leak from plasma, and water follows the osmotic gradient |
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| 22 | |
The functions of the lymphatic system do not include |
| | A) | returning interstitial fluid to the bloodstream |
| | B) | removing proteins from the interstitial spaces |
| | C) | transporting hormones to intestinal smooth muscle |
| | D) | transporting the products of lipid digestion from the intestine to the liver |
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| 23 | |
Foreign particles that are injected into the skin are likely to enter the lymphatic system |
| | A) | rapidly |
| | B) | slowly |
| | C) | not at all, because lymphatic valves prevent this |
| | D) | not at all, because the skin lacks lymphatic capillaries |
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| 24 | |
A lysozyme is |
| | A) | an enzyme found in body fluids that flow over epithelial surfaces to destroy certain bacteria |
| | B) | a type of antibody that makes a cell more recognizable to a phagocyte |
| | C) | a cytokine produced by helper T-cells |
| | D) | one of the self-antigens on the surface of antigen-presenting cells |
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| 25 | |
Which of the following would most likely increase a person's risk of invasion by pathogenic microbes? |
| | A) | increased urine flow |
| | B) | loss of epidermal tissue |
| | C) | increased action of cilia |
| | D) | increased intestinal motility |
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| 26 | |
The function of interferons is to |
| | A) | break down bacterial cell walls |
| | B) | fragment bacterial DNA |
| | C) | opsonize microbes |
| | D) | prevent viral replication |
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| 27 | |
Which of the following is a nonspecific mechanism of resistance? |
| | A) | activation of the complement via the alternative pathway |
| | B) | binding of an allergen to IgE molecules on mast cells |
| | C) | a delayed hypersensitivity response to poison ivy |
| | D) | cloning of B-cells in response to a measles vaccine |
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| 28 | |
The cells that are primarily responsible for immunity are |
| | A) | lymphocytes and macrophages |
| | B) | neutrophils and lymphocytes |
| | C) | monocytes and macrophages |
| | D) | lymphocytes and eosinophils |
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| 29 | |
Which of the following is an example of a specific body defense mechanism? |
| | A) | phagocytosis |
| | B) | inflammation |
| | C) | fever |
| | D) | antibody production |
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| 30 | |
Antibodies are |
| | A) | plasma cells |
| | B) | B-lymphocytes |
| | C) | T-lymphocytes |
| | D) | gamma globulin proteins |
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| 31 | |
The process of coating a microbe with antibodies to make it more susceptible to phagocytosis is |
| | A) | chemotaxis |
| | B) | opsonization |
| | C) | cloning |
| | D) | anergy |
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| 32 | |
The antibodies involved in allergic reactions |
| | A) | are called allergens |
| | B) | are secreted by mast cells |
| | C) | belong to the IgE group |
| | D) | are produced by T-lymphocytes |
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| 33 | |
A hapten is |
| | A) | a small substance that becomes antigenic when it binds to tissue proteins |
| | B) | the heavy chain of an immunoglobulin molecule |
| | C) | the antigen binding site of an immunoglobulin molecule |
| | D) | the part of a lymphoid organ where antigens are processed |
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| 34 | |
All of the following would have MHC-1 antigens except |
| | A) | neurons |
| | B) | lymphocytes |
| | C) | macrophages |
| | D) | erythrocytes |
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| 35 | |
Which of the following possess Class II MHC antigens? |
| | A) | antigen-presenting cells |
| | B) | erythrocytes |
| | C) | cardiac muscle cells |
| | D) | simple columnar epithlial cells in the digestive tract |
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| 36 | |
T-cells and B-cells are |
| | A) | phagocytes |
| | B) | antibodies |
| | C) | lymphocytes |
| | D) | part of the complement |
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| 37 | |
Which of the following is an example of a specific immune response? |
| | A) | release of histamine from damaged cells |
| | B) | adherence of a macrophage to a microbe |
| | C) | release of interferon from virus-infected cells |
| | D) | opsonization of an antigen by IgG molecules |
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| 38 | |
The immunoglobulin class of an antibody molecule is determined by the |
| | A) | structure of the L chains |
| | B) | structure of the variable region |
| | C) | structure of the constant region of the H chains |
| | D) | function of the molecule |
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| 39 | |
The antigen-binding site of an antibody molecule is contained in the |
| | A) | hinge region |
| | B) | disulfide bonds |
| | C) | constant region of the L chains |
| | D) | variable regions of the H and L chains |
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| 40 | |
The most abundant type of immunoglobulin is |
| | A) | IgA |
| | B) | IgE |
| | C) | IgG |
| | D) | IgD |
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| 41 | |
Following a primary immune response, plasma cells give rise to |
| | A) | T-cells |
| | B) | memory cells |
| | C) | natural killer cells |
| | D) | haptens |
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| 42 | |
In an autoimmune disease, the immune response is directed toward |
| | A) | foreign antigens |
| | B) | self-antigens |
| | C) | antibodies |
| | D) | viruses |
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| 43 | |
An antigen is ______, whereas an antibody is_______. |
| | A) | a foreign substance such as a protein or polysaccharide to which lymphocytes respond; a globular protein that reacts with antigens to eliminate them |
| | B) | an immunoglobulin that is produced by lymph nodes in response to bacteria; a foreign protein that enters the body and causes an immune reaction |
| | C) | a hapten molecule that is quite complicated in shape; an enzyme that is produced by the thymus gland to neutralize antigens |
| | D) | produced by T-cells; produced by B-cells |
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| 44 | |
Which of the following antibody mechanisms is correctly described? |
| | A) | chemotaxis - activated enzymes attract neutrophils and macrophages into the region where there are antigens |
| | B) | opsonization - activated enzymes altering cell membranes so that they are more susceptible to phagocytosis |
| | C) | lysis - activated enzymes digest the membranes of foreign cells so that they rupture |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 45 | |
An antigen is a foreign substance that causes _______, whereas an allergen is a foreign substance that causes _________. |
| | A) | the activation of the complement; the formation of large numbers of T-lymphocytes |
| | B) | immunity to develop; a loss of immunity |
| | C) | the release of histamine; the formation of plasma cells |
| | D) | the formation of antibodies; a hypersensitivity reaction |
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| 46 | |
A primary immune response is ________, and a secondary immune response is ________. |
| | A) | very important; of less importance |
| | B) | the primary source of immunity; a back-up form of immunity in case the primary response fails |
| | C) | production of antibodies after the body's initial exposure to an antigen; the rapid production of large quantities of antibodies after subsequent exposure to the antigen |
| | D) | activation of the complement; production of antibodies |
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| 47 | |
In cell-mediated immunity, the antigen is destroyed by |
| | A) | killer T-cells |
| | B) | mast cells |
| | C) | B-cells |
| | D) | antibodies |
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| 48 | |
Proteins known as CD4 and CD8 are |
| | A) | attachment proteins on the surfaces of helper-T and cytotoxic T-cells |
| | B) | different protein chains seen in IgG and IgM antibodies |
| | C) | proteins on microbes that identify them as foreign |
| | D) | the proteins that antigen-presenting cells display along with foreign antigens |
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| 49 | |
In specific immunity, competent T-cells are activated by |
| | A) | plasma cells |
| | B) | complement |
| | C) | antibodies |
| | D) | interleukin-1 |
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| 50 | |
Cytotoxic T-cells recognize antigens combined with |
| | A) | interleukin-1 |
| | B) | CD8 |
| | C) | MHC-I antigens |
| | D) | MHC-II antigens |
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| 51 | |
T-lymphocytes are responsible for |
| | A) | programming macrophages |
| | B) | producing antibodies |
| | C) | cell-mediated immunity |
| | D) | humoral immunity |
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| 52 | |
Cytotoxic T-cells destroy their target cells by releasing a substance that affects |
| | A) | cell membranes |
| | B) | lysosomes |
| | C) | ribosomes |
| | D) | DNA molecules |
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| 53 | |
B-cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells in the |
| | A) | liver |
| | B) | bloodstream |
| | C) | lymph nodes |
| | D) | red pulp of the spleen |
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| 54 | |
Immunoglobulins that circulate in the interstitial spaces and the bloodstream that attach to mast cells and basophils to initiate an inflammatory response are |
| | A) | IgA |
| | B) | IgM |
| | C) | IgG |
| | D) | IgE |
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| 55 | |
A vaccine produces its effects by |
| | A) | directly attacking the antigens and neutralizing them |
| | B) | opsonization |
| | C) | stimulating a primary immune response |
| | D) | causing cell lysis |
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| 56 | |
Giving a patient an intravenous injection of immunoglobulin should |
| | A) | temporarily protect them from a specific disease via passively acquired immunity |
| | B) | cause them to produce antibodies to a pathogen |
| | C) | protect them for several years |
| | D) | trigger activation of memory B-cells that make antibodies |
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| 57 | |
The type of resistance that is acquired as a result of developing and recovering from a disease is |
| | A) | naturally acquired active immunity |
| | B) | artificially acquired active immunity |
| | C) | artificially acquired passive immunity |
| | D) | naturally acquired passive immunity |
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| 58 | |
Injections of gamma globulin are sometimes given to provide |
| | A) | naturally acquired active immunity |
| | B) | artificially acquired active immunity |
| | C) | artificially acquired passive immunity |
| | D) | naturally acquired passive immunity |
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| 59 | |
Which of the following cells is most affected as an individual ages? |
| | A) | B-cells |
| | B) | cytotoxic T-cells |
| | C) | helper T-cells |
| | D) | macrophages |
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| 60 | |
After which age are declines in the immune system most evident? |
| | A) | 20 |
| | B) | 40 |
| | C) | 60 |
| | D) | 80 |
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