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| 1 | |
Which of these structures is a part of the upper respiratory tract? |
| | A) | bronchi |
| | B) | larynx |
| | C) | lungs |
| | D) | pharynx |
| | E) | trachea |
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| 2 | |
Which of these is NOT a paranasal sinus? |
| | A) | ethmoidal sinus |
| | B) | frontal sinus |
| | C) | mastoid sinus |
| | D) | maxillary sinus |
| | E) | sphenoidal sinus |
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| 3 | |
Which of these passageways opens directly into the nasopharynx? |
| | A) | auditory tubes |
| | B) | external nares |
| | C) | nasolacrimal ducts |
| | D) | paranasal sinuses |
| | E) | all of these |
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| 4 | |
The structure that separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx is the |
| | A) | hard palate. |
| | B) | larynx. |
| | C) | fauces. |
| | D) | uvula. |
| | E) | vestibule. |
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| 5 | |
The largest cartilage in the larynx is the |
| | A) | arytenoid cartilage. |
| | B) | cricoid cartilage. |
| | C) | corniculate cartilage. |
| | D) | cuneiform cartilage. |
| | E) | thyroid cartilage. |
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| 6 | |
The true vocal cords and the opening between them are called the |
| | A) | cricoid cartilage. |
| | B) | fauces. |
| | C) | glottis. |
| | D) | thyroid cartilage. |
| | E) | vestibular folds. |
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| 7 | |
Which of these structures prevents the movement of swallowed materials into the larynx? |
| | A) | middle nasal conchae |
| | B) | epiglottis |
| | C) | vestibular folds |
| | D) | uvula |
| | E) | both b and c |
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| 8 | |
Which of these structures has no cartilage around it? |
| | A) | primary bronchus |
| | B) | secondary bronchus |
| | C) | terminal bronchiole |
| | D) | larynx |
| | E) | trachea |
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| 9 | |
Arrange the following structures in the correct order as air passes through them traveling from the bronchi:
1. alveolar duct
2. alveolus
3. respiratory bronchiole
4. terminal bronchiole
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| | A) | 1,2,3,4 |
| | B) | 2,3,4,1 |
| | C) | 3,4,1,2 |
| | D) | 3,1,2,4 |
| | E) | 4,3,1,2 |
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| 10 | |
For inspiration during labored breathing, which of these muscles is NOT contracted? |
| | A) | diaphragm |
| | B) | external intercostal muscles |
| | C) | internal intercostal muscles |
| | D) | pectoralis minor muscles |
| | E) | sternocleidomastoid muscles |
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| 11 | |
Visceral pleura is found |
| | A) | inside the terminal bronchioles. |
| | B) | on the surface of the lung. |
| | C) | on the walls of the thorax, diaphragm, and mediastinum. |
| | D) | in the trachea and bronchi. |
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| 12 | |
Besides lubricating the visceral and parietal pleura, pleural fluid also |
| | A) | holds the visceral and parietal pleural membranes together. |
| | B) | prevents the lungs from overinflating. |
| | C) | helps fill the pleural cavity. |
| | D) | increases diffusion rates in the lungs. |
| | E) | prevents the lungs from leaking. |
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| 13 | |
If alveolar volume increases, alveolar pressure |
| | A) | decreases. |
| | B) | increases. |
| | C) | is unchanged. |
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| 14 | |
For inspiration to occur, barometric pressure must be __________ alveolar pressure. |
| | A) | greater than |
| | B) | less than |
| | C) | equal to |
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| 15 | |
During expiration, the volume of the thorax __________ as the diaphragm __________ . |
| | A) | decreases, contracts |
| | B) | decreases, relaxes |
| | C) | increases, contracts |
| | D) | increases, relaxes |
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| 16 | |
Lung recoil occurs because of elastic fibers in the alveolar walls and |
| | A) | barometric pressure. |
| | B) | pleural pressure. |
| | C) | surface tension of the fluid that lines the alveoli. |
| | D) | surfactant secretion in the alveoli. |
| | E) | the pneumothorax principle. |
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| 17 | |
Surfactant |
| | A) | reduces surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli. |
| | B) | increases pleural pressure. |
| | C) | decreases alveolar pressure. |
| | D) | makes inspiration more difficult. |
| | E) | can cause a pneumothorax. |
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| 18 | |
If a pneumothorax occurs, pleural pressure and alveolar pressure become __________ barometric pressure. |
| | A) | equal to |
| | B) | greater than |
| | C) | less than |
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| 19 | |
At the end of normal inspiration, which of these pressures is the most negative? |
| | A) | alveolar |
| | B) | barometric |
| | C) | partial |
| | D) | pleural |
| | E) | tracheal |
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| 20 | |
Arrange the following events in the correct order as they occur during inspiration:
1. air flows into the lungs
2. alveolar volume increases
3. thoracic volume increases
4. pleural pressure decreases
5. alveolar pressure decreases
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| | A) | 1,2,3,4,5 |
| | B) | 2,5,1,3,4 |
| | C) | 3,4,2,5,1 |
| | D) | 4,5,2,1,3 |
| | E) | 5,1,3,4,2 |
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| 21 | |
If compliance increases, lung expansion is |
| | A) | easier. |
| | B) | more difficult. |
| | C) | unaffected. |
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| 22 | |
Which of these conditions produces increased compliance of the lungs? |
| | A) | airway obstruction |
| | B) | emphysema |
| | C) | fibrosis of lungs |
| | D) | pulmonary edema |
| | E) | all of these |
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| 23 | |
Which of these lung volumes/capacities is the largest? |
| | A) | expiratory reserve volume |
| | B) | inspiratory reserve volume |
| | C) | residual volume |
| | D) | tidal volume |
| | E) | vital capacity |
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| 24 | |
If a person's vital capacity is 4000mL, her expiratory reserve volume is 1000mL, and her inspiratory reserve volume is 2500mL, and her tidal volume is |
| | A) | 3500mL. |
| | B) | 3000mL. |
| | C) | 1500mL. |
| | D) | 1000mL. |
| | E) | 500mL. |
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| 25 | |
The volume of air that is available for gas exchange each minute is the |
| | A) | minute ventilation. |
| | B) | anatomical dead air space. |
| | C) | physiological dead air space. |
| | D) | alveolar ventilation. |
| | E) | total lung capacity. |
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| 26 | |
Given this information:
1. tidal volume = 500 mL
2. residual volume = 1000 mL
3. inspiratory reserve volume = 2500 mL
4. expiratory reserve volume = 1000 mL
5. dead air space = 100 mL
6. respiratory rate = 20 times/minute
The minute ventilation for this individual is |
| | A) | 20.0 L/minute |
| | B) | 10.0 L/minute |
| | C) | 7.0 L/minute |
| | D) | 4.0 L/minute |
| | E) | 2.0 L/minute |
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| 27 | |
Given this information:
1. tidal volume = 500 mL
2. residual volume = 1000 mL
3. inspiratory reserve volume = 2500 mL
4. expiratory reserve volume = 1000 mL
5. dead air space = 100 mL
6. respiratory rate = 20 times/minute
The alveolar ventilation (VA) for this individual is
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| | A) | 10.0 L/minute |
| | B) | 8.0 L/minute |
| | C) | 6.0 L/minute |
| | D) | 2.5 L/minute |
| | E) | 1.0 L/minute |
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| 28 | |
If the total pressure of a gas is 700 mm Hg and its composition is 20% oxygen, 0.03% carbon dioxide, 75% nitrogen, and 5% water vapor, the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) is |
| | A) | 15 mm Hg. |
| | B) | 20 mm Hg. |
| | C) | 105 mm Hg. |
| | D) | 140 mm Hg. |
| | E) | 1600 mm Hg. |
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| 29 | |
In which of these areas is the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) normally the greatest? |
| | A) | inspired air |
| | B) | alveolar air |
| | C) | expired air |
| | D) | pulmonary capillaries |
| | E) | tissue capillaries |
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| 30 | |
The partial pressure of oxygen in the air is __________ than the partial pressure of carbon dioxide; the solubility of oxygen in water is __________ than the solubility of carbon dioxide in water. |
| | A) | lower, lower |
| | B) | lower, higher |
| | C) | greater, lower |
| | D) | greater, higher |
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| 31 | |
Which of these conditions causes a decreased rate of diffusion through the respiratory membrane? |
| | A) | increased fluid in the lungs |
| | B) | decreased diffusion coefficient |
| | C) | decreased respiratory surface area |
| | D) | decreased partial pressure gradient |
| | E) | all of these |
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| 32 | |
If pH decreases, PCO2 increases, or temperature increases, the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin |
| | A) | increases. |
| | B) | decreases. |
| | C) | remains unchanged. |
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| 33 | |
Oxygen and carbon dioxide move through the respiratory membrane and into and out of cells by the process of |
| | A) | active transport. |
| | B) | cotransport. |
| | C) | diffusion. |
| | D) | exocytosis. |
| | E) | facilitated diffusion. |
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| 34 | |
Most carbon dioxide is transported as __________ in the blood. |
| | A) | bicarbonate ions |
| | B) | carbamino compounds (including carbaminohemoglobin) |
| | C) | dissolved in plasma |
| | D) | carbon monoxide |
| | E) | carbonic acid |
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| 35 | |
Which of these factors increases respiratory rate? |
| | A) | increased blood PCO2 |
| | B) | increased blood pH |
| | C) | increased blood PO2 |
| | D) | increased pH of cerebrospinal fluid |
| | E) | all of these |
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| 36 | |
In the chloride shift, chloride ions exchange places with |
| | A) | bicarbonate ions. |
| | B) | sodium ions. |
| | C) | potassium ions. |
| | D) | hydrogen ions. |
| | E) | hemoglobin. |
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| 37 | |
Hyperventilation produces which of these effects? |
| | A) | decreased blood PCO2 |
| | B) | vasodilation of peripheral blood vessels |
| | C) | decreased blood pressure |
| | D) | increase in pH |
| | E) | all of these |
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| 38 | |
The most important factor for regulating respiratory rate is |
| | A) | bicarbonate level in the blood. |
| | B) | oxygen level in the blood. |
| | C) | CO2 level in the blood. |
| | D) | urea concentration in the blood. |
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| 39 | |
The Hering-Breuer reflex |
| | A) | inhibits inspiration. |
| | B) | stimulates inspiration. |
| | C) | occurs in response to changes in carbon dioxide in the blood. |
| | D) | both b and c |
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| 40 | |
Which of these statements concerning respiration is NOT true? |
| | A) | Higher brain centers can modify the activity of the respiratory center. |
| | B) | A decrease in pH of the blood increases respiration rate. |
| | C) | The Bohr effect allows carbon dioxide to bind more easily to hemoglobin that has released its oxygen. |
| | D) | An increase in carbon dioxide in the blood causes pH to decrease. |
| | E) | Low oxygen levels in the blood increase respiration rate. |
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