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| 1 | |
The nasal cavity |
| | A) | has openings for the paranasal sinuses. |
| | B) | has a vestibule, which contains the olfactory epithelium. |
| | C) | is connected to the pharynx by the nares. |
| | D) | has passageways called conchae. |
| | E) | is lined with squamous epithelium, except for the vestibule. |
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| 2 | |
The nasopharynx |
| | A) | is lined with moist stratified squamous epithelium. |
| | B) | contains the pharyngeal tonsil. |
| | C) | opens into the oral cavity through the fauces. |
| | D) | extends to the tip of the epiglottis. |
| | E) | is an area that food, drink, and air pass through. |
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| 3 | |
The larynx |
| | A) | connects the oropharynx to the trachea. |
| | B) | has three unpaired and six paired cartilages. |
| | C) | contains the vocal folds. |
| | D) | contains the vestibular folds. |
| | E) | all of the above. |
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| 4 | |
The trachea contains |
| | A) | skeletal muscle. |
| | B) | pleural fluid glands. |
| | C) | C-shaped pieces of cartilage. |
| | D) | all of the above. |
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| 5 | |
The conducting zone of the tracheobronchial tree ends at the |
| | A) | alveolar duct. |
| | B) | alveoli. |
| | C) | bronchioles. |
| | D) | respiratory bronchioles. |
| | E) | terminal bronchioles. |
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| 6 | |
During an asthma attack, the patient has difficulty breathing because of constriction of the |
| | A) | trachea. |
| | B) | bronchi. |
| | C) | terminal bronchioles. |
| | D) | alveoli. |
| | E) | respiratory membrane. |
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| 7 | |
During quiet expiration, the |
| | A) | abdominal muscles relax. |
| | B) | diaphragm moves inferiorly. |
| | C) | external intercostal muscles contract. |
| | D) | thorax and lungs passively recoil. |
| | E) | all of the above. |
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| 8 | |
The parietal pleura |
| | A) | covers the surface of the lung. |
| | B) | covers the inner surface of the thoracic cavity. |
| | C) | is the connective tissue partition that divides the thoracic cavity into right and left pleural cavities. |
| | D) | covers the inner surface of the alveoli. |
| | E) | is the membrane across which gas exchange occurs. |
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| 9 | |
Contraction of the bronchiolar smooth muscle has which of these effects? |
| | A) | a smaller pressure gradient is required to get the same rate of airflow when compared to normal bronchioles |
| | B) | increases airflow through the bronchioles |
| | C) | increases resistance to airflow |
| | D) | increases alveolar ventilation |
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| 10 | |
During the process of expiration, the alveolar pressure is |
| | A) | greater than the pleural pressure. |
| | B) | greater than the barometric pressure. |
| | C) | less than the barometric pressure. |
| | D) | unchanged. |
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| 11 | |
The lungs do not normally collapse because of |
| | A) | surfactant. |
| | B) | pleural pressure. |
| | C) | elastic recoil. |
| | D) | both a and b. |
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| 12 | |
Immediately after the creation of an opening through the thorax into the pleural cavity, |
| | A) | air flows through the hole and into the pleural cavity. |
| | B) | air flows through the hole and out of the pleural cavity. |
| | C) | air flows neither out nor in. |
| | D) | the lung protrudes through the hole. |
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| 13 | |
Compliance of the lungs and thorax |
| | A) | is the volume by which the lungs and thorax change for each unit change of alveolar pressure. |
| | B) | increases in emphysema. |
| | C) | decreases because of lack of surfactant. |
| | D) | all of the above. |
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| 14 | |
Given these lung volumes:
1. tidal volume = 500 mL
2. residual volume = 1000 mL
3. inspiratory reserve volume = 2500 mL
4. expiratory reserve volume = 1000 mL
5. dead space = 1000 mL
The vital capacity is |
| | A) | 3000 mL. |
| | B) | 3500 mL. |
| | C) | 4000 mL. |
| | D) | 5000 mL. |
| | E) | 6000 mL. |
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| 15 | |
The alveolar ventilation is the |
| | A) | tidal volume times respiratory rate. |
| | B) | minute ventilation plus the dead space. |
| | C) | amount of air available for gas exchange in the lungs. |
| | D) | vital capacity divided by respiratory rate. |
| | E) | inspiratory reserve volume times minute ventilation. |
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| 16 | |
If the total pressure of a gas is 760 mm Hg and its composition is 20% oxygen, 0.04% carbon dioxide, 75% nitrogen, and 5% water vapor, the partial pressure of oxygen is |
| | A) | 15.2 mm Hg. |
| | B) | 20 mm Hg. |
| | C) | 118 mm Hg. |
| | D) | 152 mm Hg. |
| | E) | 740 mm Hg. |
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| 17 | |
The rate of diffusion of a gas across the respiratory membrane increases as the |
| | A) | respiratory membrane becomes thicker. |
| | B) | surface area of the respiratory membrane decreases. |
| | C) | partial pressure difference of the gas across the respiratory membrane increases. |
| | D) | diffusion coefficient of the gas decreases. |
| | E) | all of the above. |
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| 18 | |
In which of these sequences does PO2 progressively decrease? |
| | A) | arterial blood, alveolar air, body tissues |
| | B) | body tissues, arterial blood, alveolar air |
| | C) | body tissues, alveolar air, arterial blood |
| | D) | alveolar air, arterial blood, body tissues |
| | E) | arterial blood, body tissues, alveolar air |
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| 19 | |
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the venous blood is |
| | A) | greater than in the tissue spaces. |
| | B) | less than in the tissue spaces. |
| | C) | less than in the alveoli. |
| | D) | less than in arterial blood. |
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| 20 | |
Oxygen is mostly transported in the blood |
| | A) | dissolved in plasma. |
| | B) | bound to blood proteins. |
| | C) | within HCO3-. |
| | D) | bound to the heme portion of hemoglobin. |
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| 21 | |
The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is adaptive because it |
| | A) | shifts to the right in the pulmonary capillaries and to the left in the tissue capillaries. |
| | B) | shifts to the left in the pulmonary capillaries and to the right in the tissue capillaries. |
| | C) | doesn't shift. |
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| 22 | |
Carbon dioxide is mostly transported in the blood |
| | A) | dissolved in plasma. |
| | B) | bound to blood proteins. |
| | C) | within HCO3-. |
| | D) | bound to the heme portion of hemoglobin. |
| | E) | bound to the globin portion of hemoglobin. |
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| 23 | |
When blood passes through the tissues, the hemoglobin in blood is better able to combine with carbon dioxide because of the |
| | A) | Bohr effect. |
| | B) | Haldane effect. |
| | C) | chloride shift. |
| | D) | Boyle effect. |
| | E) | Dalton effect. |
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| 24 | |
The chloride shift |
| | A) | occurs primarily in pulmonary capillaries. |
| | B) | occurs when Cl- replace HCO3- within red blood cells. |
| | C) | decreases the formation of bicarbonate ions. |
| | D) | decreases the number of hydrogen ions. |
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| 25 | |
Which of these parts of the brainstem is correctly matched with its main function? |
| | A) | ventral respiratory groups—stimulate the diaphragm |
| | B) | dorsal respiratory groups—limit inflation of the lungs |
| | C) | pontine respiratory group—switching between inspiration and expiration |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 26 | |
The chemosensitive area |
| | A) | stimulates the respiratory center when blood carbon dioxide levels increase. |
| | B) | stimulates the respiratory center when blood pH increases. |
| | C) | is located in the pons. |
| | D) | stimulates the respiratory center when blood oxygen levels increase. |
| | E) | all of the above. |
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| 27 | |
Blood oxygen levels |
| | A) | are more important than carbon dioxide in the regulation of respiration. |
| | B) | need to change only slightly to cause a change in respiration. |
| | C) | are detected by sensory receptors in the carotid and aortic bodies. |
| | D) | all of the above. |
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| 28 | |
The Hering-Breuer reflex |
| | A) | limits inspiration. |
| | B) | limits expiration. |
| | C) | occurs in response to changes in carbon dioxide levels in the blood. |
| | D) | is stimulated when oxygen decreases in the blood. |
| | E) | does not occur in infants. |
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| 29 | |
At the onset of exercise, respiration rate and depth increases primarily because of |
| | A) | increased blood carbon dioxide levels. |
| | B) | decreased blood oxygen levels. |
| | C) | decreased blood pH. |
| | D) | input to the respiratory center from the cerebral motor cortex and proprioceptors. |
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| 30 | |
In response to exercise training, |
| | A) | the tidal volume at rest does not change. |
| | B) | minute ventilation during maximal exercise increases. |
| | C) | the brain learns to match ventilation to exercise intensity. |
| | D) | all of the above. |
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