| accommodation | Piaget's term to describe the manner by which cognitive structures change.
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| adaptation | One of the two functional invariants in Piaget's theory.
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| assimilation | Piaget's term to describe the manner in which we incorporate data into our cognitive structures.
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| bioecological model | The continuity and change in the biopsychosocial characteristics of human beings, both as individuals and as groups.
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| classical conditioning | The learning process in which a neutral stimulus produces an involuntary response that is usually elicited by another stimulus.
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| cognitive structures | Piaget's term to describe the basic tools of cognitive development.
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| defense mechanisms | Psychological strategies to cope with anxiety or perceived threats.
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| developmental systems theory | Set of beliefs leading to the conclusion that we construct our own views of the world.
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| ego | Freud's notion of the central part of our personality; keeps id in check.
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| equilibration | Piaget's term to describe the balance between assimilation and accommodation.
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| evolutionary developmental psychology | Explanation of development that rests on the assumption that our physiological and psychological systems resulted from evolution by selection.
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| exosystem | Environment in which the developing person is not present but that nevertheless affects development.
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| extinction | The systematic process in which behaviors are deconditioned or eliminated.
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| identity crisis | Erikson's term for those situations, usually in adolescence, that cause us to make major decisions about our identity.
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| id | Freud's structure of mind relating to our basic instincts; strives to secure pleasure.
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| information-processing theory | Cognitive theory that uses a computer metaphor to understand how the human mind processes information.
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| life course theory | Theory referring to a sequence of socially defined, age-graded events and roles that individuals enact over time.
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| life crisis | Erikson's term to describe the main tension that individuals experience and seek to resolve during each of eight life stages.
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| macrosystem | The blueprint of any society.
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| mesosystem | The relationship among microsystems.
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| microsystem | The home or school.
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| modeling | Bandura's term for observational learning.
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| negative reinforcement | An event that, when it ceases to occur, makes that response more likely to happen in the future.
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| object permanence | The realization that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched.
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| observational learning | Bandura's term to explain the information we obtain from observing other people, things, and events.
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| operant conditioning | The use of consequences (reinforcement, punishment) to modify or shape voluntary behavior or actions.
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| positive reinforcement | An event that increases the likelihood of a desired response in the future.
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| psychoanalytic theory | Freud's theory of the development of personality; emphasis on the role of the unconscious.
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| psychosocial theory | Erikson's stage theory that emphasizes the impact of social experiences throughout human development.
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| punishment | Process by which an unpleasant response is paired with an undesired behavior to decrease the likelihood of that behavior occurring in the future.
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| reciprocal interactions | Interactions that shape relationships with others.
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| reinforcement | Anything that increases the likelihood a response will occur in the future.
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| schemes | Piaget's term for organized patterns of thought and action.
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| self-efficacy | A person's belief that she can behave in a certain way to achieve a desired goal.
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| social (cognitive) learning | Bandura's theory that refers to the process whereby the information we glean from observing others influences our behavior.
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| superego | Freud's concept of our conscience; internal determinant of right and wrong.
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| theory | A belief or idea that develops based on information or evidence; a proposed explanation for observed phenomena.
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| zone of proximal development | Vygotsky's term for a range of ability in a given task, where the higher limit is achieved through interaction with others.
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