History of the Modern World, 10th Edition (Palmer)

Chapter 9: The French Revolution

Primary Sources, Maps and Images

XXXXI. Backgrounds

1. The Old Regime: The Three Estates
• [Image The Three Estates]
• [Image Louis XVI]

2. The Agrarian System of the Old Regime
• [Image Country people, 1756]

3. Political Culture and Public Opinion after 1770
• [Image Literary discussion]

XXXXII. The Revolution and the Reorganization of France

1. The Financial Crisis
• [Image Jacques Necker XVI]

2. From Estates General to National Assembly
• [Image Assembly of Notables]
• [Primary Source Abbe Sieyes, What is the Third Estate?]
• [Image Estates General]
• [Image The Third Estate Awakens]
• [Image Oath of the Tennis Court]

3. The Lower Classes in Action
• [Primary Source Arthur Young, Travels in France, 1789]
• [Image Taking of the Bastille]
• [Image Marquis de Lafayette]

4. The Initial Reforms of the National Assembly
• [Primary Source Decree Abolishing the Feudal System]
• [Image Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen]
• [Primary Source Declaration of the Rights of Man]
• [Primary Source Thomas Paine, The Rights of Man]
• [Primary Source Olympe de Gouges, The Rights of Women]
• [Image Return of Louis XVI to Paris ]

4. Constitutional Changes
• [Map Departments of France]

5. Economic and Cultural Policies
• [Primary Source Le Chapelier on Organisations of Workers]
• [Image Civic festival]
• [Image Liberty tree]
• [Image Marianne]

6. The Quarrel with the Church
• [Primary Source Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 1790]
• [Image Charles de Talleyrand]

XXXXIII. The Revolution and Europe: The War and the "Second" Revolution, 1792

1. The International Impact of the Revolution
• [Image William Wordsworth]
• [Image Edmund Burke]
• [Primary Source Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France]
• [Primary Source Alexander Radischev, Voyage from St. Petersburg to Moscow]
• [Image Marie Antoinette]
• [Image Count of Artois]

2. The Coming of the War, April 1792
• [Image Francis I]

3. The "Second" Revolution: August 10, 1792
• [Primary Source Brunswick Manifesto, 1792]
• [Image Marat]
• [Primary Source Marseillaise]
• [Primary Source Popular uprising of August, 1792]
• [Image Tuileris Palace]
• [Image September massacres]
• [Primary Source September massacres]

XXXXIV. The Emergency Republic, 1792-1795: The Terror

1. The National Convention
• [Primary Source National Convention]
• [Primary Source Execution of Louis XVI]

2. Background to the Terror
• [Image Paris Commune]
• [Map Resistance to the Revolution in 1793]
• [Image Maximilien Robespierre]
• [Primary Source Robespierre on virtue and terror]

3. The Program of the Convention, 1793-1794: The Terror
• [Primary Source Committee of Public Safety]
• [Image Louis Antoine de Saint-Just]
• [Primary Source Saint-Just, Republican Institutes]
• [Primary Source levee en masse]
• [Image Toussaint L' Ouverture]
• [Image Jacques Hebert]
• [Primary Source Robespierre, The Cult of the Supreme Being]
• [Tables Republican calendar and republican years]
• [Primary Source Robespierre, Speech on the Festival of the Supreme Being]

4. The Thermidorian Reaction
• [Primary Source Constitution of the Year III]

XXXXV. The Constitutional Republic: The Directory, 1795-1799

1. The Weakness of the Directory
• [Image Member of Council of Five Hundred]

2. The Political Crisis of 1797
• [Image Napoleon Bonaparte]
• [Primary Source Treaty of Campo Formio]

3. The Coup d'Etat of 1799: Bonaparte
• [Primary Source Coup d'etat of Brumaire]

XXXXVI. The Authoritarian Republic: The Consulate, 1799-1804

• [Map Treaty of Luneville]

1. The Settlement with the Church; Other Reforms
• [Primary Source Concordat]
• [Primary Source Civil Code]