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| active (niche-picking) genotype–environment correlations | Correlations that exist when children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating. (See page(s) 87) |
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| adoption study | A study in which investigators seek to discover whether, in behaviour and psychological characteristics, adopted children are more like their adoptive parents, who provided a home environment, or more like their biological parents, who contributed their heredity. Another form of the adoption study compares adoptive and biological siblings. (See page(s) 76) |
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| behaviour genetics | The study of the degree and nature of behaviour's basis in heredity. (See page(s) 75) |
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| canalization | The process by which characteristics take a narrow path or developmental course. Apparently, preservative forces help protect a person from environmental extremes. (See page(s) 75) |
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| chromosomes | Threadlike structures that are made up of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. (See page(s) 71) |
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| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | A molecule in the shape of a double helix which contains genetic information. (See page(s) 71) |
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| epigenetic view | The view that development is the result of the ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment. (See page(s) 88) |
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| evocative genotype–environment correlations | Correlations that exist when the child's genotype elicits certain types of physical and social environments. (See page(s) 87) |
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| evolutionary psychology | A contemporary approach that emphasizes that behaviour is a function of mechanisms, requires input for activation, and is ultimately related to survival and reproduction. (See page(s) 00) |
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| fertilization | The process that, in humans, begins when a female gamete (ovum) fuses with by a male gamete (sperm) to create a zygote. (See page(s) 72) |
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| genes | Units of hereditary information composed of DNA. Genes act as a blueprint for cells to reproduce themselves and manufacture the proteins that maintain life. (See page(s) 71) |
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| genotype | A person's genetic heritage; the actual genetic material. (See page(s) 73) |
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| meiosis | The process of cellular division that divides sex cells and produces four daughter cells, each with 23 single chromosomes. (See page(s) 72) |
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| mitosis | The process of cell division during which cellular material is duplicated and two daughter cells are formed. (See page(s) 71) |
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| nonshared environmental experiences | The child's own unique experiences, both within the family and outside the family, that are not shared by another sibling. Thus, experiences occurring within the family can be part of the "nonshared environment." (See page(s) 88) |
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| passive genotype–environment correlations | Correlations that exist when the natural parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child. (See page(s) 87) |
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| phenotype | The way an individual's genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics. (See page(s) 73) |
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| reaction range | The range of possible phenotypes for each genotype, suggesting the importance of an environment's restrictiveness or richness. (See page(s) 75) |
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| shared environmental experiences | Children's common environmental experiences that are shared with their siblings, such as their parents' personalities and intellectual orientation, the family's social class, and the neighbourhood in which they live. (See page(s) 88) |
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| twin study | A study in which the behavioural similarity of identical twins is compared with the behavioural similarity of fraternal twins. (See page(s) 76) |
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| zygote | A single cell formed when an ovum is fertilized by a sperm. (See page(s) 72) |