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1

Three important terms in studying aging are , prejudice or discrimination against a person (most commonly an older person) based on age; , study of the aged and the process of aging; and , the branch of medicine concerned with processes of aging and age-related medical conditions.
2

The large increase in elderly in the United States is due to high , high rates during the early to mid 20-century, and a trend toward .
3

aging refers to the gradual, inevitable process of bodily deterioration throughout the life span, and secondary aging are those aging processes that result from disease and bodily abuse and disuse and are often preventable.
4

The three groups of older adults are referred to as the , ages 65-74 (usually active, vital, and vigorous), the , 75-84, and the , 85 and above, who are more likely to be frail and infirm. age is a measure of a person’s ability to function effectively in his or her physical and social environment in comparison with others of the same chronological age.
5

The question of how long a human can live is related to the concepts of , the age to which a person born at a certain time and place is statistically likely to live, given his or her current age and health status; , how long a person actually does live; and , the longest period that members of our species can live.
6

theories explain biological aging as resulting from a genetically determined developmental timetable. According to the , there is a genetically controlled limit on the number of times cells can divide in members of a species.
7

theories of aging explain biological aging as a result of processes that vary from person to person and are influenced by internal and external environments. These include theory (the body ages as a result of accumulated damage to the system beyond the body’s ability to repair it); theory (free radicals, highly unstable oxygen atoms or molecules formed during metabolism, can cause internal bodily damage); theory (the faster the body works, the faster it wears out); and theory (an aging immune system can become “confused” and release antibodies that attack the body’s own cells.
8

Most visual impairments are caused by , cloudy or opaque areas in the lens of the eye that cause blurred vision; , a condition in which the center of the retina gradually loses its ability to distinguish fine details, leading to irreversible visual impairment in older adults; and , irreversible damage to the optic nerve caused by increased pressure in the eye.
9

Nearly half of older Americans have , a group of disorders affecting the joints, causing pain and loss of movement. Its chief forms are , degenerative joint disease that most often affects weight-bearing joints, and , a crippling disease that progressively destroys joint tissue.
10

Regular may prevent many physical changes formerly associated with “normal aging,” including reducing the risk of diseases such as hypertension, heart disease, and osteoporosis
11

is the general term for physiologically caused cognitive and behavioral decline that affects daily life. The most common, , is characterized by irreversible deterioration in memory, intelligence, awareness, and control of bodily functions, eventually leading to death. Signs of AD seen in the brain after death are and . Other common forms of dementia are disease, characterized by tremor, stiffness, slowed movement, and unstable posture; and dementia, irreversible dementia caused by a series of small strokes.
12

Baltes' model of functioning in late adulthood, the model, identifies and seeks to measure two dimensions of intelligence, (the abilities to process information and solve problems regardless of content) and (the dimension that tends to grow with age and includes practical thinking, application of accumulated knowledge and skills, specialized expertise, professional productivity, and wisdom.
13

Everyday activities, competence in which is considered a measure of the ability to live independently, are referred to as . These include managing , shopping for , using the , obtaining transportation, preparing , taking , and housekeeping.
14

researchers divide long-term memory into three main components: memory for specific experiences or events, linked to time and place; memory for general factual knowledge, social customs, and language; and memory of motor skills, habits, and ways of doing things, which often can be recalled without conscious effort.





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