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1 | |
The study of cognition includes all of the following except |
| | A) | perception |
| | B) | problem solving |
| | C) | recall |
| | D) | reactive reasoning |
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2 | |
Learning involves a relatively permanent change in a capability or behavior that results from |
| | A) | observation |
| | B) | modeling |
| | C) | experience |
| | D) | conditioning |
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3 | |
Arnold Sameroff conducted a study in which he was able to teach neonates to use one method of sucking (either expressive or suction) in preference to another. The learning was achieved through |
| | A) | imitation |
| | B) | observation |
| | C) | punishment |
| | D) | reinforcement |
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4 | |
The developmental psychologist who contributed a great deal to our understanding of how children think, reason, and problem solve in developmental cognitive stages is |
| | A) | Sigmund Freud |
| | B) | Jean Piaget |
| | C) | Jerome Bruner |
| | D) | B. F. Skinner |
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5 | |
The realization that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight constitutes |
| | A) | symbolic representation |
| | B) | cognition |
| | C) | object permanence |
| | D) | object identity |
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6 | |
According to Piaget, the infant comes to integrate the motor and perceptual systems during which period? |
| | A) | motoperceptive |
| | B) | preoperational |
| | C) | sensorimotor |
| | D) | somatosensory |
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7 | |
Which of the following are characteristic of Piaget's description of the early sensorimotor period? |
| | A) | infants cannot internally represent the world |
| | B) | infants cannot see that objects exist independently |
| | C) | infants cannot coordinate grasping with visual cues |
| | D) | all of the above |
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8 | |
According to Jerome Bruner, what type of cognitive representation appears first in young children? |
| | A) | ikonic |
| | B) | enactive |
| | C) | symbolic |
| | D) | perceptual |
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9 | |
Jerome Bruner indicates that children use mental images or pictures for representing the world. He refers to these as |
| | A) | symbols |
| | B) | enactive images |
| | C) | ikonic images |
| | D) | sign images |
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10 | |
Which of the following has not been shown to be a consequence of maternal depression? |
| | A) | intense mood swings |
| | B) | an inability to discipline effectively |
| | C) | a reduced capacity for nurturing |
| | D) | the tendency for the child to exhibit a negative self-concept |
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11 | |
Which of the following statements regarding the prediction of intelligence from cognitive performance in infancy is the most accurate? |
| | A) | Modern psychologists believe that there is no continuity between early and later capabilities. |
| | B) | Decrement and recovery of attention seem most indicative of intelligence in youngsters. |
| | C) | Youngsters who tire more easily when looking at one object are less efficient processors of information. |
| | D) | Youngsters who prefer familiar stimuli over novel stimuli are more efficient processors of information. |
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12 | |
In this chapter, language is defined as |
| | A) | a structure system of sound patterns that have socially standardized meanings |
| | B) | a set of rules for joining words to form phrases and sentences |
| | C) | the process by which people transmit information |
| | D) | a system of categories used to organize perceptual input |
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13 | |
The process of transmitting information, ideas, attitudes, and emotions to one another is termed |
| | A) | conceptualization |
| | B) | language |
| | C) | communication |
| | D) | reception |
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14 | |
Proponents who view language as a container of thought claim that |
| | A) | language precedes thought |
| | B) | thought is not possible without language |
| | C) | language shapes thought |
| | D) | thought takes place independently of language |
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15 | |
Proponents who view language as the determinant of thought claim that |
| | A) | language impedes thought |
| | B) | thought is not possible without language |
| | C) | language shapes thought |
| | D) | thought takes place independently of language |
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16 | |
Children approach the task of "word learning" equipped with preexisting ________ that limit the number of possible meanings for a new noun. |
| | A) | cognitive biases |
| | B) | conceptualizations |
| | C) | language biases |
| | D) | symbols |
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17 | |
A psychologist who accepted the view that language determined thought would tend to emphasize the importance of |
| | A) | paralanguage |
| | B) | ikonic representation |
| | C) | caretaker speech |
| | D) | conceptualization |
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18 | |
Interactionist theory is to ________ as innateness theory is to ________. |
| | A) | nurture; nature |
| | B) | learning; environment |
| | C) | nature; nurture |
| | D) | biological endowment; environment |
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19 | |
In ________, parents systematically modify the language that they employ with adults when addressing young children. |
| | A) | motherese |
| | B) | caretaker speech |
| | C) | conceptualization |
| | D) | phonology |
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20 | |
When a caretaker uses words such as "choo-choo" to signify a train, she is using |
| | A) | caretaker speech |
| | B) | baby talk |
| | C) | motherese |
| | D) | interactional speech |
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21 | |
Nativists, such as Noam Chomsky, contend that the primary factor influencing language acquisition is |
| | A) | the child's environment |
| | B) | the interaction between the child and his or her caretaker |
| | C) | learning processes |
| | D) | the child's biological endowment |
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22 | |
Which of the following is a nativist criticism of learning theory views of language acquisition? |
| | A) | Children's speech is not a mechanical playback of adult speech. |
| | B) | Caretakers spontaneously develop a unique language system for communicating with children. |
| | C) | Children understand only about one-half of the words spoken to them in motherese. |
| | D) | The specialized anatomy of the vocal tract makes language possible. |
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23 | |
Noam Chomsky pointed out that the world's languages have basic similarities in their composition, and he termed these similarities |
| | A) | transformational grammar |
| | B) | deep structure |
| | C) | surface structure |
| | D) | caretaker speech |
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24 | |
Most psychologists agree that there is a ________ for language acquisition, but they disagree over the importance of ________. |
| | A) | biological basis; parental input |
| | B) | cultural basis; genetic factors |
| | C) | cultural basis; biological factors |
| | D) | biological basis; cognitive factors |
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25 | |
The stress, pitch, and volume of words by which we communicate expressive meaning are referred |
| | A) | to as |
| | B) | language production |
| | C) | kinesics |
| | D) | paralanguage |
| | E) | telegraphic speech |
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26 | |
The best time to learn a new language is |
| | A) | early in life |
| | B) | when one enters kindergarten |
| | C) | during middle school |
| | D) | in college |
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27 | |
Which of the following is in the correct sequence for language development? |
| | A) | crying, babbling, cooing, holophrases |
| | B) | crying, cooing, babbling, holophrases |
| | C) | gurgling, babbling, cooing, holophrases |
| | D) | making bubbles with saliva, crying, cooing, babbling |
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28 | |
When a child uses the same single word to convey different meaning, depending on the context she is in, the child is using |
| | A) | holophrastic speech |
| | B) | transformational grammar |
| | C) | symbolic syntax |
| | D) | deep structures |
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2003 McGraw-Hill Higher Education