Multiple Choice


1	Tolman’s neobehaviorism could accurately be described as a __________ behaviorism.
		A)	Molar
		B)	Molecular
		C)	Incentive-based
		D)	Insight-based


2	Who emphasized the “purposive” element of animal behavior?
		A)	Hull
		B)	Tolman
		C)	Skinner
		D)	Guthrie


3	What term is defined as learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement?
		A)	classical conditioning
		B)	insight learning
		C)	S-R learning
		D)	latent learning


4	What was Tolman’s view of the role of reinforcement in learning?
		A)	He believed that reinforcement was necessary for learning to occur
		B)	He believed that reinforcement was not necessary for learning to occur
		C)	He believed that reinforcement accelerated learning
		D)	He believed that reinforcement interfered with learning


5	What did Tolman learn when he compared place learning to response learning?
		A)	Rats learned a place-learning task much more quickly
		B)	Rats learned a response-learning task much more quickly
		C)	The two tasks were equally difficult to learn
		D)	Individual differences seemed to dictate which task was learned by which rat


6	Guthrie’s behaviorist view of learning emphasized the importance of ______________.
		A)	individual differences
		B)	contiguity
		C)	reinforcement
		D)	motivation


7	What did Guthrie believe about the importance of practice?
		A)	Practice is necessary to stamp in the appropriate response
		B)	Practice does not affect behavior
		C)	Practice serves to refine movements that underlie acts
		D)	Practice can be used instead of reinforcement to teach a response


8	Guthrie and Horton added a camera to their puzzle box to see if _____.
		A)	cats learned a very specific response when escaping the box
		B)	learning was due to trial and error
		C)	the law of effect could be replicated with cats
		D)	extensive delays in trace conditioning could still lead to appropriate associations


9	Which of the neobehaviorists described in chapter 13 also conducted research in the area of aptitude testing?
		A)	Cattell
		B)	Skinner
		C)	Hull
		D)	Guthrie


10	Hull’s background in __________ clearly affected his psychological theory.
		A)	religious studies
		B)	physiology
		C)	business administration
		D)	mathematics and engineering


11	While a student at Harvard, Skinner was influenced by a visit from __________, whose autographed picture he hung above his desk.
		A)	Watson
		B)	Cattell
		C)	Pavlov
		D)	Freud


12	Skinner’s operant system of behavior viewed _______ as critical.
		A)	response consequences
		B)	contiguity
		C)	the conditioned reflex
		D)	habit strength


13	What did Skinner view as his own most important contribution?
		A)	His children
		B)	His Skinner Box
		C)	His discovery of operant conditioning
		D)	His research on schedules of reinforcement


14	What was Project Orcon?
		A)	This was Watson’s name for research controlling the origins of phobias in humans
		B)	This was Pavlov’s research on “psychic secretions”
		C)	This was Skinner’s pigeon-training work
		D)	This was Thorndike’s trial-and-error research


15	Walden Two is __________ book about ____________.
		A)	Skinner’s; a utopian society
		B)	Skinner’s; parenting techniques
		C)	Watson’s; a utopian society
		D)	Watson’s; parenting techniques


16	Which of the following accurately describes an “air crib"?
		A)	A box designed by Thorndike for the conditioning of animals
		B)	A box designed by Watson for the examination of rats
		C)	A box designed by Skinner for animals being tested in space
		D)	A box designed by Skinner for human infants


17	Why is the infamous Unabomber included in the chapter on neobehaviorists?
		A)	His manifesto included detailed descriptions of operant conditioning techniques
		B)	He believed Skinner’s shaping techniques were one of the reasons for society’s downfall
		C)	He mailed a bomb to a famous psychologist who studied behavior modification
		D)	The FBI used techniques recommended by behaviorists to draw out and apprehend him


18	Which of the following describes a characteristic of Skinner’s teaching machine?
		A)	It offers immediate reinforcement for correct answers
		B)	It progresses at the speed appropriate for the person using it
		C)	It presented information in small steps rather than all at once
		D)	All of the Above


19	Who were Lindsley and Azrin?
		A)	Ping-pong playing pigeons
		B)	The first chimpanzees to orbit the earth
		C)	Skinnerians who developed the first programs of behavior modification
		D)	Two outspoken critics of the application of conditioning techniques to human beings


20	Who conducted research in all three of the following areas: hypnosis, aptitude testing, behavior?
		A)	Skinner
		B)	Hull
		C)	Woodworth
		D)	Watson

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